Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 1 CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering Lecture 2 Design Considerations in the Third-World and an Introduction to Building Codes

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 2 Design Constraints and Considerations Construction –Equipment –Material Availability –Processes Material Testing –Concrete –Steel Testing Results

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 3 Construction Equipment Have: –Electricity (with occasional power loss) –Portable generator –Welding rig –1 Concrete vibrator –Drills (with some bits) –Circular saw, table saw, hand saws –Hand tools (hammers, tape measures, shovels, etc.)

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 4 Construction Equipment Do Not Have: –Concrete Mixer –Lifting Crane

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 5 Formwork and Other Heavy Objects Must be Carried by Hand

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 6 Construction Equipment Do Not Have: –Concrete Mixer –Lifting Crane –Backhoe –or Concrete Trucks

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 7 Materials must be carried by hand...

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 8 … or by wheelbarrow

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 9

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 10 Construction Materials Wood –Plywood not readily available –Structural lumber very expensive –Some on site –Most lumber is cut by hand from trees on site

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 11 Hand-cut Lumber

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 12 Scaffolding and Formwork Must be Built by Hand

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 13 Construction Materials Steel –Access to sheet metal, light gauge tubes, bars, ties, etc. –Rebar available, but sizes are limited –All bars and stirrups must be bent by hand

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 14 Rebar is Cleaned, Bent, and …

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 15 … Cut by Hand

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 16 Construction Materials Concrete –Portland cement available (Type I) –Aggregates taken from nearby river

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 17 Oxcart Used to Haul Aggregates From Nearby River

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 18 Construction Materials Concrete –Portland cement available (Type I) –Aggregates taken from nearby river –Concrete mixed by hand using shovels

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 19 Concrete is Hand-mixed with Shovels

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 20 A pile of dirt, cement, and a little water

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 21 Lots of shovels

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 22 Get the buckets

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 23 Construction Schedule Keep this is mind when you are developing a construction schedule Talk to past trip participants for approximate rates of “production”

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 24 Construction Materials Concrete –Portland cement available (Type I) –Aggregates taken from nearby river –Concrete mixed by hand using shovels –No quality control/quality assurance (QC/QA) program

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 25 Concrete Mix Design 3 wheelbarrows of sand 3 wheelbarrows of aggregate 2 bags of cement (94 lbs/bag) five gallon buckets of water Note: 1 wheelbarrow = 2.5 bags of cement

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 26 Recommendations on the Cement Bag

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 27 Concrete Cylinders - ASTM Protocol?

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 28 Questionable Cylinders in 2000?

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 29 Quality Cylinders in 2002

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering Cross Project Material Testing - Concrete 3 cylinders were tested prior to trip (non-ASTM procedure) 12 cylinders were taken from the cross pour 3 cylinders tested at 7 days 4 cylinders tested at 14 days 3 cylinders tested at 21 days 2 cylinders tested at 28 days

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering Chapel Foundations Material Testing - Concrete 3 cylinders remaining from the cross project were tested at 325 days 15 cylinders were made from the many footing pours 6 were tested at 14 days 9 were tested at 28 days

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering and 2001 Concrete Test Data Year 1CylinderStrength TripAge(psi) Year 2CylinderStrength TripAge(psi)

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 33 Document The Construction Process This was the batch that the 680 psi cylinder came from

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 34 Dr. Gross says “no more water”

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering – 7 day breaks Year 3CylinderStrengthAggregate TripAge(psi)Size Large " " " Small "

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering – 28 day breaks Year 3CylinderStrengthAggregate TripAge(psi)Size Large " " " Small " " " Footing Footing

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 37 Material Testing - Steel 2 samples of rebar were tested Tested in tension to failure Data collected –Bar Sizes –Yield Load –Ultimate Load

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 38 Steel Test Data Develop a plan on what material (steel and concrete) samples you want your site representative to bring back

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 39 How good can this steel be... #16 bar!

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 40 Labor The workers at the orphanage take pride in their work High quality of construction

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 41 Shoddy American Work, and...

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 42 … Work Ethic

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 43 Posas Verdes, Honduras Governing Code? Any other information? What are the next steps? –You’ve started looking at load paths –We need load types –We need to determine load combinations –Therefore, we need to decide on a code

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 44 Building Codes in the United States SBC, BOCA, UBC, and IBC UBC is primarily used in areas of high seismicity (Western US) UBC vs. BOCA –Better information on seismic design –Excellent design aids –BOCA will be covered in CASE (?)

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 45 International Building Code, 2000 UBC, 1997 will not be updated again Move of the industry is away from the three different codes to one, IBC Seismic provisions primarily based off of UBC requirements We will use IBC, 2000 along with any information you can find –(handouts)

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 46 Chapter 16 – Structural Design 1602 – Definitions 1603 – Construction Documents (you’ll want to make sure your drawings comply with this section) 1604 – General Design Requirements (LRFD vs. ASD vs. strength)

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering – General Design Requirements – Strength – Serviceability –Deflection –Table –and/or Appropriate Code (ACI, AISC) – Importance Factors –(Table ) – Anchorage (roof designs)

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 48 Load Types Dead Load Live Load Wind Load Seismic (Earthquake) Load Are there any special considerations due to the location of our site?

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering – Load Combinations LRFD –6 combinations –Exceptions and other loads ASD –6 combinations –Exceptions and load reduction Alternate combinations Special seismic combinations

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 50 Section Dead Loads What are the dead loads that you must consider for this structure? –Roof and trusses –Masonry walls –Concrete beams, columns, and slabs –Stairs –Any other permanent fixtures

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 51 Section Live Loads Considerations include – Occupancy category Table Uniformily distributed loads Concentrated loads –Distribution of floor loads –Roof loads –Live load reduction (1607.9) –Construction loads

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 52 Division III - Wind Design What do we need to consider to determine wind pressures? –Building type –Building geometry and effective wind area –Importance factor –Exposure –Type of resisting system –Wind speed

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 53 Pressure Distribution

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 54

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 55 Hurricanes for the 1998 season Mitch

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 56 Hurricane Mitch

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 57 Chapter 16 continued 1610 – Soil Lateral Load 1611 – Rain Load –Rainy season impact ? 1612 – Flood Load –Proximity to river or creek? 1613 – Earthquake Load (next time)

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 58 Current Tasks Fill out the survey if you haven’t already Determine the DL and LL on your structure Start researching wind and earthquake history of Honduras Determine your design wind speed

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 59 Lecture 3 Introduction to Seismology Review of Seismology of Central America International Building Code, 2002 seismic requirements Roof Design

Villanova University Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering CEE Capstone II Structural Engineering 60 The Enforcer