the secret chemistry of the mobile phone powerhouse communications Jason Riley and Julian Eastoe School of Chemistry University of Bristol powerhouse battery communications display phone demo

history a 90’s idea?

environmentally friendly - high rate of discharge - fast charge a wish list the mobile phone battery reversible environmentally friendly - high rate of discharge - fast charge - long cycle life - small watt hours per kg watt hours per cm3

energy chemical → heat/light 2CH3OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 4H2O

Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2 Zn + 2H+ → Zn2+ + H2 Zn  Zn2+ + 2e corrosion splitting a reaction in two Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2 Zn + 2H+ → Zn2+ + H2 Zn  Zn2+ + 2e 2H+ + 2e  H2

Zn  Zn2+ + 2e 2H+ + 2e  H2 Zn + 2H+ → Zn2+ + H2 energy chemical → electrical Zn  Zn2+ + 2e 2H+ + 2e  H2 Zn + 2H+ → Zn2+ + H2

the battery a modern idea?

Zn  Zn2+ + 2e Cu2+ + 2e  Cu Zn + Cu2+ → Zn2+ + Cu the early days death of the pony express Zn  Zn2+ + 2e Cu2+ + 2e  Cu Zn + Cu2+ → Zn2+ + Cu

Cu  Cu2+ + 2e 2H+ + 2e → H2 2H+ + Cu → H2 + Cu2+ recharging electrolysis 2H+ + 2e → H2 Cu  Cu2+ + 2e 2H+ + Cu → H2 + Cu2+

mobility the lead acid battery PbO2 + Pb + 2H2SO4  2PbSO4 + 2H2O

portability the simple battery Zn + 2H+ → Zn2+ + H2

Zn + 2MnO2 + H2O → Zn(OH)2 + Mn2O3 stability the one with the copper top anode: Zn → Zn2+ + 2e Zn + 2OH- → Zn(OH)2 + 2e cathode: 2MnO2 to Mn2O3 Zn + 2MnO2 + H2O → Zn(OH)2 + Mn2O3

H+ is small  moves fast problem 2H+ + 2e  H2 concept materials chemistry the mobile phone battery H+ is small  moves fast problem 2H+ + 2e  H2 concept

NiOOH + H2O + e → Ni(OH)2 + OH- the phone battery metal hydrides Ni(OH)2 NiOOH MH M MH → M + H+ + e NiOOH + H+ + e → Ni(OH)2 NiOOH + H2O + e → Ni(OH)2 + OH- NiOOH + MH ← Ni(OH)2 + M NiOOH + MH → Ni(OH)2 + M MH + OH-→ M + H2O + e

george gray genius inventor of the lcd

liquid crystals key to the electronics revolution

is it a . . . . or is it a ? the importance of shape liquid crystals made simple is it a CN . . . . or is it a ?

organisation the importance of shape

liquid crystals fish-shaped molecules CN

liquid crystals fish-shaped molecules

liquid crystal displays sandwich-like structure

liquid crystal displays twisted stacks of molecules

current off current on transparent dark liquid crystal displays electrically activated optical switch current off current on transparent dark

fuel cells the future

electroluminescent displays the future flexible emissive technology wide viewing angle low voltage fast switching high brightness low cost

thank you thank you http://www.howstuffworks.com http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/lectures/mobilephone.htm