THE IMPACT OF CULTURE on management and leading styles, working and thinking styles, learning and teaching styles Seminar: The training of cross-cultural competence and skills Lecturer: Prof. Dr. Beneke Students: Anke Boettcher, Kathrin Pinker

The impact of culture 11/20/01 Introduction Attitudes towards culture National culture Corporate culture Different business areas Conclusion The impact of culture 11/20/01

The impact of culture 11/20/01 technology leadership negotiation creativity feedback time rewards labels science machines hierarchies The impact of culture 11/20/01

Attitudes towards culture Parochialism – “our way is the only way” Cultural Blindness - People do not recognize cultural differences in order to be just and to treat everybody equally. Ethocentrism – “our way is the best way” Synergy – Cultural diversity is recognized and can lead to both advantages and disadvantages. The impact of culture 11/20/01

The impact of culture 11/20/01 Synergy Cultural diversity  key ressource Managing the impact of diversity rather than ignoring the diversity Result is more than the sum of the single contributions Advantages: more flexible, creative and open to new ideas The impact of culture 11/20/01

The impact of culture 11/20/01 Synergy Culturally synergistic Problem Solving Recognition of the problem Analysis from different perspectives Solution appropriate for all cultures The impact of culture 11/20/01

The impact of culture 11/20/01 Introduction Attitudes towards culture National culture Corporate culture Different business areas Conclusion The impact of culture 11/20/01

The impact of culture 11/20/01 First example: Management by objectives (employer and employee decide together on an objective, which the employee has to achieve within a certain time. After that period of time the result is evaluated.) Crucial dimensions are: Power distance Individualism Relation to nature The impact of culture 11/20/01

Second example: Feedback Crucial dimensions: Individualism (losing face) Relation to nature Communication style The impact of culture 11/20/01

The impact of culture 11/20/01 Introduction Attitudes towards culture National culture Corporate culture Family culture Eiffel Tower culture Guided Missile culture Incubator culture Different business areas Conclusion The impact of culture 11/20/01

The impact of culture 11/20/01 The Family Culture Person-oriented Hierarchical: father-children relationship Ascribed status Culture clusters: Greece, Italy, Japan, Singapore, South Korea, Spain, other nations which industrialized late and smaller companies The impact of culture 11/20/01

The Eiffel Tower Culture Hierarchies Ascribed status to a role and not to a person Task-oriented Personal relationships are not desired Culture clusters: Austria and Germany The impact of culture 11/20/01

The Guided Missile Culture Egalitarian Task-oriented Status is achieved Individualistic Culture clusters: USA, Norway, Ireland The impact of culture 11/20/01

The impact of culture 11/20/01 The Incubator Culture Person-oriented Egalitarian Minimal hierarchies and structure Creative and spontaneous Leadership is achieved Culture Clusters: Sweden,USA (Silicon Valley), UK (Silicon Glen) and smaller companies The impact of culture 11/20/01

The impact of culture 11/20/01 Introduction Attitudes towards culture National culture Corporate culture Different business areas Leadership Motivation Decision making Example Japan Conclusion The impact of culture 11/20/01

The impact of culture 11/20/01 Leadership McGregor (1957) Theory X people are basically lazy, dislike work tight control system Theory Y people are trustworthy, enjoy work are given autonomy and responsibility The impact of culture 11/20/01

The impact of culture 11/20/01 Leadership William Ouchi (1982) Theory Z based on Japanese management lifetime employment, concern for the total person close and trusting relationships to improve productivity The impact of culture 11/20/01

The impact of culture 11/20/01 Motivation Abraham Maslow (1954) – Hierarchy of needs Physiological, safety, social, esteem and self-actualization needs The impact of culture 11/20/01

The impact of culture 11/20/01 Motivation David McClelland (1961) – Achievement Theory Achievement, power and affiliation Victor Vroom (1964) – Expectancy Theory People estimate their ability to perform a task and the probable type of reward The impact of culture 11/20/01

The impact of culture 11/20/01 Motivation Theories Abraham Maslow (1954) – Hierarchy of needs Physiological, safety, social, esteem and self-actualization needs David McClelland (1961) – Achievement Theory Achievement, power and affiliation Victor Vroom (1964) – Expectancy Theory People estimate their ability to perform a task and the probable type of reward The impact of culture 11/20/01

The impact of culture 11/20/01 Decision making Problem recognition Information research Construction of alternatives Choice Implementation The impact of culture 11/20/01

Product-design for Japan Prefer quality and are willing to pay premium prices Different taste: less sugar and salt Smaller servings Different body shape The impact of culture 11/20/01

Japanese television advertising Length: 15 seconds or less Mood advertising - non-verbally or with few words - emotion, humour, shock - good first impression The impact of culture 11/20/01

The impact of culture 11/20/01 Conclusions Culture has a very important impact on business, but not everything can be explained by it Other influences: individual character, situation, legal system etc. The impact of culture 11/20/01

The impact of culture 11/20/01 Literature Adler, Nancy (1991), International Dimensions of Organizational Behaviour, 2nd ed., Belmont: Wadsworth Henderson, George/Spigner-Littles, Dorscine (1996), A practitioner‘s guide to understanding indigenous and foreign cultures, 2nd ed., Springfield: Thomas Books Trompenaars, Fons (1998), Riding the ways of cultures, 2nd ed., New York et al: McGraw-Hill March, Robert (1990), Honoring the customer. Marketing and selling to the Japanese, New York et al: Wiley and Sons Beneke, Jürgen (2000),Orientation Matrix, University of Hildesheim The impact of culture 11/20/01

The impact of culture 11/20/01 Literature Hofstede, Geert (1997), Cultures and Organizations, New York et al.: McGraw-Hill Knapp, Karlfried et al. (eds.)(1999), Meeting the Intercultural Challenge, Sternenfels: Verlag Wissenschaft und Praxis The impact of culture 11/20/01