Six Kingdoms Kingdom Monera 1. Archaebacteria v. Eubacteria 2. Characteristics a. prokaryotic cells b. unicellular c. autotrophic or heterotrophic d. asexual reproduction

Kingdom Protista 1. Characteristics a. eukaryotic cells b. mostly unicellular c. heterotrophic or autotrophic d. asexual reproduction

Kingdom Fungi 1. Characteristics a. eukaryotic cells b. unicellular or multicellular c. heterotrophic *external digestion d. mostly asexual reproduction

Kingdom Plantae 1. Characteristics a. eukaryotic b. multicellular c. autotrophic d. sexual and asexual reproduction

Kingdom Animalia 1. Characteristics a. eukaryotic b. multicellular c. heterotrophic *internal digestion d. sexual reproduction

Archaebacteria live in extreme environments such as swamps, hydrothermal  vents deep in the ocean, acidic thermal springs in the ground, and extremely salty water.

Eubacteria live in most habitats some cause diseases such as strep throat and pneumonia Cyanobacteria – autotrophic Escherichia coli - heterotrophic

Viruses v. Bacteria Bacteria- living microorganisms Examples Tetanus A. Some are pathogenic (cause diseases) Examples Tetanus Neissaria gonnorhea Strep throat- Streptococcus pyrogenus Anthrax- Bacillus anthracis Pneumonia B. Some are very useful Decomposing dead things Breakdown garbage in landfills E.coli

Viruses- not considered living organisms; have to be inside a host cell to reproduce A. contain DNA and RNA B. diseases caused by viruses HIV, chicken pox, Herpes, Flu (influenza) C. Two ways of infecting cells Lytic cycle Lysogenic cycle

Viral Treatments For viral infections, you treat the symptoms Use vaccines and antiviral drugs for severe infections.

Avian Flu Virus

Symptoms Symptoms in humans Fever, cough, sore throat Eye infections Pneumonia Severe respiratory diseases

Vaccines Began testing vaccinations in April, 2005 Vaccinations must prove to be safe and effective Vaccinations are hard to create Virus mutates quickly

Protists 3 types of protists 1. Algae- plantlike protists All are autotrophic Photosynthetic algae produce a great deal of the Earth’s atmospheric oxygen Can be unicellular or multicellular 2. Protozoa- animal-like protists Single celled Ex) zooplankton 3. Fungus-like protists Ex) slime molds, water molds

Fungi Mostly multicellular, eukaryotic organisms Cell walls are made of chitin- complex carbohydrate Structural units of fungus are hyphae Play a major role in decomposing organic material and recycling Earth’s nutrients Can cause spoiled food, diseases, and poisonous mushrooms Human pathogens- toenail fungus, Athlete’s foot, ringworm

Toenail Fungus

Athlete’s Foot

Ringworm

Protists and Fungi objectives 1. What are some characteristics of kingdom Protista? 507 2. How do protozoa reproduce? What types of environments do they inhabit? 507 3. Describe Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, and giardiasis. For each, list symptoms, what protozoa causes them, and which animals carry them. 516 4. In what ways do algae differ from protozoa? 525 5. How are algae similar to plants? How are they different? 525 6. How are euglenoids similar to both plants and animals? 533 7. How do fungi obtain nutrients? 543 8. Why does a fungus that reproduces both sexually and asexually have an advantage over an organism that just reproduces asexually? 544-545

Objective 4.03 Sickle Cell Anemia 1. results in defective form of hemoglobin 2. suffer damage to the brain, heart 3. 1 out of every 500 African Americans has sickle cell anemia Hemoglobin is found within red blood cells where it binds with oxygen and transports it throughout the body

Lung/Mouth Cancer and tobacco use 1. nicotine 2. tars

3. Hazards of Long-Term Tobacco Use a. cardiovascular system – most affected b. 25% of heart attacks are associated with use of tobacco c. Lung Cancer * deadliest form of cancer * chronic bronchitis * emphysema d. Mouth Cancer * chewless tobacco Lung cancer – 90% of lung cancer is attributed to smoking; deadliest form of cancer

Skin Cancer CFCs Melanin

Diabetes mellitus – due to insulin deficiency Type I 1. severe childhood disorder 2. treated with daily insulin injections Type II 1. often correlates with obesity 2. can generally be controlled through exercise and diet

Malaria Plasmodium and Anopheles

Symptoms 1. severe chills, fever, sweating, fatigue, severe thirst Treatment 1. sporozoans can evolve a resistance to antimalarial drugs

Environmental Toxins Mercury, Lead Sources * Drinking water, fish, vaccines, pesticides, preserved wood, antiperspirants, building materials Risks Cancer, Alzheimer’s, neurological disorders, arrhythmia (abnormal heart rhythm), decreased red/white blood cell production.

Immune Response Antigen – any substance that the immune system recognizes as a potential pathogen and that provokes an immune response T – Cells ( “helper T cell) 1. cytotoxic a. combat the pathogen by destroying any of the body cells that have been infected by the pathogen 2. suppressor a. help shut down the immune response after the pathogen has been cleared from the body

B – Cells 1. differentiate into plasma cells a. produce defensive proteins and secrete them in the blood *antibodies

Memory Cells 1. long term protection against reinfection by a specific pathogen Immunity 1. person becomes resistance to a specific pathogen