“It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to heaven, we were all going direct the other way” - Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities

Overarching Unit Question: How does a society evolve and change? To what extent can revolutions be viewed as a process? To what extent are revolutions successful in implementing philosophical ideals? Specific Essential Questions:

How does the French Revolution follow the Brinton’s Anatomy of a Revolution? Throughout our study of the French Revolution and subsequent revolutions, we will examine a variety of events and continually relate them back to the anatomy of the revolution

Brinton’s Phase 1: The Old Order Causes of the French Revolution Weak leadership Class conflict Intellectuals speak out Weak economy

EstatePopulationPrivilegesExemptionsBurdens First > 1% of pop High-ranking clergy Collected the tithe Censorship of the press Control of education Kept records of births, deaths, marriages, etc. Catholic faith held honored position of being the state religion (practiced by monarch and nobility) Owned % of the land Paid no taxes Subject to Church law rather than civil law Moral obligation (rather than legal obligation) to assist the poor and needy Support the monarchy and Old Regime Second about 2 % of pop Nobles Collected taxes in the form of feudal dues Monopolized military and state appointments Owned 20% of the land Paid no taxes Support the monarchy and Old Regime Third 98% of pop Circa 25,000,000 Everyone else: artisans, bourgeoisie, city workers, merchants, peasants, etc., along with many parish priests None Paid all taxes Tithe (Church tax) Octrot (tax on goods brought into cities) Corvée (forced road work) Capitation (poll tax) Vingtiéme (income tax) Gabelle (salt tax) Taille (land tax) Feudal dues for use of local manor’s winepress, oven, etc.

Stage 1 Causes of the French Revolution: The Estates General an assembly of representatives from all three estates which was called to get approval for new taxes - rarely called Each estate had equal say

Stage 1 Causes of the French Revolution: Enlightenment Ideals Thinkers such as Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu, Locke who believed.... Why would these ideas appeal to the Third Estate?

Stage 1 Causes of the French Revolution: Heavy tax burden on third estate and businesses Widespread crop failures -> severe grain shortage, prices rose, and starvation in 1789 Extravagant spending, inherited war debt, and poor decision making of the king and queen ( Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette )queen

aUrban Commoner’s Budget: –Food 80% –Rent 25% –Tithe 10% –Taxes 35% –Clothing 20% –TOTAL 170% aKing’s Budget: –Debts 50% –Army 25% –Versailles 25% –Coronation 10% –Loans 25% –Admin. 25% –TOTAL 160% Financial Problems in France, 1789

The French Monarchy: Marie Antoinette & Louis XVI

Marie Antoinette’s “Peasant CottaMarie Antoinette’s “Peasant Cottage” Marie Antoinette’s “Peasant Cotta

Whoooaaa...wait a minute! Now that we have gone over the causes of the Revolution, let’s compare our progress to The Anatomy of a Revolution Go through your previous slides and fill in which of the four Brinton’s Phase 1 factors apply to the information on that slide

Brinton’s Phase 2: Moderate Regime Financial Breakdown Dramatic/Symbolic events Old government cannot repress rebellion Moderate government gains control

Because of the money troubles, Louis XVI called the Estates General for the first time in 175 years on May 5, 1789 at Versailles. What was the issue with the one vote per estate? How do you think the third estate would want it changed? Stage 2 Events:

June 17th, Third Estate voted to establish the National Assembly ( beginning of a representative government in France) June 20th, Tennis Court Oath - The delegates of the Third Estate who now formed the National Assembly vowed not to leave the tennis court until they wrote a constitution for France. Stage 2 Events:

Tennis Court Oath

There were rumors that the king wanted to suppress National Assembly Mob takes over Bastille (prison that held 6 prisoners but many armaments) Symbolic act of the revolution as the Bastille was a symbol of the king’s power Stage 2 Events: July 14, 1789 The Storming of the Bastille!

Great Fear! July 17 - August Rumors that nobles were hiring outlaws to terrorize the peasants Peasants began to overthrow old feudal ties - burned legal papers, broke into manor houses Stage 2 Events:

The Women’s March On Versailles: 6,000 Parisian women revolt over price of bread and marched 12 miles to Versailles in October 1789 Demanded action and forced Louis XVI to come to Paris Stage 2 Events:

Think Fast! Create a slogan/chant (rhyming and four lines) that would be used either at the storming of the Bastille or the The Women’s March.

Declaration of the Rights of Man August 27th, 1789 Enlightenment influence Influence of Declaration of Independence equality, justice, freedoms “Liberte, egalite, fraternite” - Slogan of the French Revolution - “Liberty, equality, fraternity” Stage 2 Events:

How is the D.O.R.M represented? What is the hidden message? Why did the revolutionaries use this imagery?

The Tricolor (1789) The WHITE of the Bourbons + the RED & BLUE of Paris. Citizen! Citizen!

The “Liberty Cap”: Bonne Rouge

National Assembly sells off church lands to pay off debt creating a divide between devout Catholic peasants and bourgeoisie June 1791, Louis XVI and his family try to leave France to the Austrian Netherlands but are captured Stage 2 Events:

September 1791, Created a Constitutional Monarchy with a Legislative Assembly that had the power to create laws and approve wars Louis XVI was still the king but had little power Tax payers and land owners could vote Stage 2 Events:

Yet, the problems continue... Despite new government still food shortages and debt remain. Legislative Assembly split into three groups

RadicalsModeratesConservatives - Sat on left side of hall (left wing) - opposed the king and monarchy - wanted sweeping changes in govt and proposed that common people have full power in a republic - Sat in center of the hall (centrists) - wanted some changes in government, but not as many as the radicals - Sat on the right side of the hall (right wing) -upheld the idea of a limited monarchy - wanted a few changes in government The Legislative Assembly Unrepresented Groups: 1. Emigres - nobles who feld France 2. Poor parisian shopkeepers

Brinton’s Stage 3: Crisis Radicals take control Civil/Foreign war Strong man takes control Terror and Virtue

Radicals - Sat on left side of hall (left wing) - opposed the king and monarchy - wanted sweeping changes in govt and proposed that common people have full power in a republic Sans-culottes - Parisian wage earners and small shopkeepers. Wanted a greater voice in the government and an end to food shortages. Named for their long pants Jacobins - radical political club that wanted a republic in France and NO king Stage 3 Events:

Sans Culottes- translates to “those without knee breeches”, unlike the upper class who were fancy knee length pants!

War! April Legislative Assembly declared with Austria and Prussia who wanted Louis XVI to be absolute again. The war lasts until Prussian and Austrian threats enraged Parisian revolutionaries who imprisoned Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette Angry mobs massacred nobles and clergymen for fear of royalists Stage 3 Events:

Down with the King! September Legislative Assembly dissolved - created the National Convention with no more constitutional monarchy Louis XVI tried for treason and sentenced to death Leaders: Marat, Danton, Robespierre January 21, 1793 Louix XVI beheaded by the guillotine Stage 3 Events:

Guillotine! Invented by Dr. Joseph Ignace Guillotine Efficient and humane Became famous during the French Revolution for quick beheadings

Maximillien Robespierre becomes the leader of the Committee of Public Safety in July1793. Committee of Public Safety was a committee that decided who was an enemy of the republic July July Robespierre ruled as a dictator, executing 3,000-4,000 to protect revolutionary ideals and virtue His rule is known as the Reign of Terror Stage 3 Events:

Who was executed by the Reign of Terror? Marie Antoinette Fellow revolutionaries who challenged his leadership including Danton Unknown people accused of minimal crimes, for example, selling sour wine to revolutionaries - about 3,000 people executed in Paris - 85% of people killed were urban poor or middle class Stage 3 Events:

How does the below statement from after the beheading of Louis XVI foreshadow the Reign of Terror? “Now, above all, we need peace in the interior of the Republic, and the most active surveillance of the domestic enemies of liberty. Never did circumstances more urgently require of all citizens the sacrifice of their passions and their personal opinions concerning the act of national justice which has just been effected. Today the French people can have no other passion than that for liberty.” - Proclamation of the Convention to the French People (January 23, 1793) Is this liberty or not?!

Radical revolutionaries sought to replace Catholicism with devotion to the Republic of France as seen through the changing of the calendar in Winter of 1793 to reflect the revolutionary dates rather then the birth of Christ Stage 3 Events:

Brinton’s Stage 4: Recovery Return to quieter times Tyrant takes over Radicals Repressed Nationalism

End of Terror and Return to Quieter Times July 28, Members of National Convention arrested and guillotined Robespierre to save themselves Moderates of National Convention drafted new constitution with a two house legislature and executive body of five men called the Directory

The Rise of Napoleon Napoleon Bonaparte, a military leader, comes to power through a “coup d’etat” on November 9th, 1799 and overthrows the weak directory He uses the people’s pride and devotion to France (Nationalism) to put down all other radicals Napoleon eventually crowns himself Emperor in 1804 and rules till 1814 as he attempts to take over Europe

Order of Revolutionary Governments 1. Absolute Monarchy - Louis XVI 2. National Assembly (Developed from the Third Estate delegates 3. Legislative Assembly and Limited monarchy (includes radicals, moderates, conservatives) 4. National Convention (more radical and no monarchy) and Committee of Public Safety (headed by Robespierre) 6. Directory Napoleon ( )