Cloning

What is cloning?  Duplicating biological material –Natural clones exist!! Identical twins –Asexual reproduction  Three types: 1.Recombinant DNA technology/DNA cloning technology/DNA cloning 2. Reproductive 3. Therapeutic

1. Recombinant DNA Technology (DNA Cloning)  Putting DNA for a gene we want into a vector  In use since 1970’s, commonly used today  Used to study gene functions –Ex. Human Genome Project

2. Reproductive Cloning  Create an animal that has the same nuclear DNA as another currently or previously existing animal

Misconception

Disturbing!

CLONING Produces identical twins (of different ages!)

 First mammal cloned was “Dolly” the sheep Took 277 tries to get Dolly (.41% success rate) Celebrity Sheep Has Died at Age 6 Dolly, the first mammal to be cloned from adult DNA, was put down by lethal injection Feb. 14, Prior to her death, Dolly had been suffering from lung cancer and crippling arthritis. Although most sheep live to be 11 to 12 years of age, postmortem examination of Dolly seemed to indicate that, other than her cancer and arthritis, she appeared to be quite normal. The unnamed sheep from which Dolly was cloned had died several years prior to her creation. Dolly was a mother to six lambs, bred the old-fashioned way.

Step 1 Remove an egg from an animal

Step 2 2.Put the egg in nutrient agar

Step 3 3.Enucleation Remove nucleus from the egg Remember: the nucleus contains half the animals DNA - now it has no DNA

Step 4 4.Remove regular body cell from the animal that you want to clone Remember: Body cells have the total number of chromosomes in them Grow in minimal media (this will stop cell division) and is also thought to dedifferentiate the cell)

Step 5 5. Enucleation Remove the nucleus from the body cell

Step 6 6. Put the nucleus from the body cell into the “empty” egg cell. Can you find the nucleus in each picture?

Step 7 7. Shock the egg with electricity in order make it grow (This simulates an electric current that is caused by diffusing ions when the sperm and egg meet naturally)

Step 8 8. Put the growing embryo into a surrogate and let it grow

The female is pregnant and gives birth to the baby clone (approx 20% chance that she will become pregnant)

Baby Clone Baby and the surrogate Clones

History of reproductive cloning 2002 First cloned cat Rainbow (adult clone) CopyCat (baby clone) CopyCat and Surrogate Mom

2004 SAN FRANCISCO - The first cloned-to-order pet sold in the United States is named Little Nicky, a 9-week-old kitten delivered to a Texas woman saddened by the loss of a cat she had owned for 17 years. The kitten cost its owner $50,000 and was cloned from a beloved cat, named Nicky, that died last year. Nicky’s owner banked the cat’s DNA, which was used to create the clone.

 Aug 2003 – first horse cloned in Italy. FIRST TIME DONOR AND SURROGATE MOM WAS THE SAME She gave birth to her twin.

2005- South Korea The group worked for nearly three years, seven days a week, 365 days a year and used 1,095 eggs from 122 dogs before finally succeeding with the birth of a cloned male Afghan hound. The surrogate mother was a yellow Labrador retriever.

Scientists have made a clone of the clone… They have produced 9 successful (healthy) generations of cloned mice Clone your pet over and over!

HUMAN CLONING?  Feb 12, 2004 – First human embryo cloned in Korea!!! (.41% success rate) SEOUL, South Korea researchers reported they have created human embryos through cloning

HUMAN CLONING? The embryos were destroyed for stem cells Most states have laws against reproductive cloning, including 250,000 fine and a class C felony Second Degree Sexual AssaultSecond Degree Sexual Assault | Kidnapping | Arson | Robbery | Human Reproductive CloningKidnapping ArsonRobbery

3. Therapeutic Cloning  “embryo cloning” – produce human embryos for research purposes  Harvest stem cells to treat human diseases –Ex. Replacement organs for transplants, cancer, Alzheimer’s, spinal cord injuries