14.1 The Gas Laws > 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 14 The Behavior of Gases 14.1 Properties of Gases 14.2 The Gas Laws 14.3 Ideal Gases 14.4 Gases: Mixtures and Movements

14.1 The Gas Laws > 2 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. In organized soccer, the pressure of the air inside the ball must be no lower than 0.6 atmospheres and no higher than 1.1 atmospheres at sea level. CHEMISTRY & YOU Why is there a recommended pressure range for the air inside a soccer ball?

14.1 The Gas Laws > 3 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Compressibility Compressibility Why are gases easier to compress than solids or liquids?

14.1 The Gas Laws > 4 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Compressibility Gases are easily compressed, or squeezed into a smaller volume.

14.1 The Gas Laws > 5 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Compressibility Gases are easily compressed, or squeezed into a smaller volume. Compressibility is a measure of how much the volume of matter decreases under pressure.

14.1 The Gas Laws > 6 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Compressibility Gases are easily compressed, or squeezed into a smaller volume. Compressibility is a measure of how much the volume of matter decreases under pressure. Because gases can be compressed, the air bag absorbs some of the energy from the impact of a collision.

14.1 The Gas Laws > 7 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Gases are easily compressed because of the space between the particles in a gas. Compressibility

14.1 The Gas Laws > 8 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Gases are easily compressed because of the space between the particles in a gas. Compressibility The volume of the particles in a gas is small compared to the overall volume of the gas.

14.1 The Gas Laws > 9 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Gases are easily compressed because of the space between the particles in a gas. Compressibility The volume of the particles in a gas is small compared to the overall volume of the gas. The distance between particles in a gas is much greater than the distance between particles in a liquid or solid.

14.1 The Gas Laws > 10 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Gases are easily compressed because of the space between the particles in a gas. Compressibility The volume of the particles in a gas is small compared to the overall volume of the gas. The distance between particles in a gas is much greater than the distance between particles in a liquid or solid. Under increased pressure, the particles in a gas are forced closer together.

14.1 The Gas Laws > 11 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Compressibility This model shows identical air samples in two different containers. Each container has 8 nitrogen molecules and 2 oxygen molecules. In the larger container, the molecules are farther apart. In the smaller container, the air sample is compressed, and the molecules are closer together.

14.1 The Gas Laws > 12 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Explain why air is easily compressed, but wood is not easily compressed.

14.1 The Gas Laws > 13 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Explain why air is easily compressed, but wood is not easily compressed. The volume of the particles in a gas, such as air, is small compared to the overall volume of the gas. So, the distance between particles in air is much greater than the distance between particles in a solid, such as wood. Under pressure, the particles in a gas can be forced closer together, or compressed.

14.1 The Gas Laws > 14 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Factors Affecting Gas Pressure What are the three factors that affect gas pressure?

14.1 The Gas Laws > 15 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Factors Affecting Gas Pressure number of moles (n) volume (V) in liters temperature (T) in kelvins pressure (P) in kilopascals The four variables generally used to describe a gas and their common units are:

14.1 The Gas Laws > 16 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Factors Affecting Gas Pressure The amount of gas, volume, and temperature are factors that affect gas pressure.

14.1 The Gas Laws > 17 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Factors Affecting Gas Pressure Amount of Gas You can use kinetic theory to predict and explain how gases will respond to a change of conditions.

14.1 The Gas Laws > 18 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Factors Affecting Gas Pressure Amount of Gas You can use kinetic theory to predict and explain how gases will respond to a change of conditions. If you inflate an air raft, for example, the pressure inside the raft will increase.

14.1 The Gas Laws > 19 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Factors Affecting Gas Pressure Amount of Gas You can use kinetic theory to predict and explain how gases will respond to a change of conditions. If you inflate an air raft, for example, the pressure inside the raft will increase. Collisions of gas particles with the inside walls of the raft result in the pressure that is exerted by the enclosed gas.

14.1 The Gas Laws > 20 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Factors Affecting Gas Pressure Amount of Gas You can use kinetic theory to predict and explain how gases will respond to a change of conditions. If you inflate an air raft, for example, the pressure inside the raft will increase. Collisions of gas particles with the inside walls of the raft result in the pressure that is exerted by the enclosed gas. Increasing the number of particles increases the number of collisions which explains why the gas pressure increases.

14.1 The Gas Laws > 21 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Factors Affecting Gas Pressure When a gas is pumped into a closed rigid container, the pressure increases as more particles are added. If the number of particles is doubled, the pressure will double.

14.1 The Gas Laws > 22 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Factors Affecting Gas Pressure When a gas is pumped into a closed rigid container, the pressure increases as more particles are added. If the number of particles is doubled, the pressure will double. Once the pressure exceeds the strength of the container, the container will burst.

14.1 The Gas Laws > 23 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Factors Affecting Gas Pressure If the pressure of the gas in a sealed container is lower than the outside air pressure, air will rush into the container when the container is opened.

14.1 The Gas Laws > 24 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Factors Affecting Gas Pressure If the pressure of the gas in a sealed container is lower than the outside air pressure, air will rush into the container when the container is opened. When the pressure of a gas in a sealed container is higher than the outside pressure, the gas will flow out of the container when the container is unsealed.

14.1 The Gas Laws > 25 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Factors Affecting Gas Pressure The operation of an aerosol can depends on the movement of a gas from a region of high pressure to a region of lower pressure.

14.1 The Gas Laws > 26 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Factors Affecting Gas Pressure Volume You can raise the pressure exerted by a contained gas by reducing its volume.

14.1 The Gas Laws > 27 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Factors Affecting Gas Pressure Volume You can raise the pressure exerted by a contained gas by reducing its volume. The more the gas is compressed, the more pressure the gas exerts inside the container.

14.1 The Gas Laws > 28 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Factors Affecting Gas Pressure Volume Increasing the volume of the contained gas has the opposite effect.

14.1 The Gas Laws > 29 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Factors Affecting Gas Pressure Volume Increasing the volume of the contained gas has the opposite effect. If the volume is doubled, the particles can expand into a volume that is twice the original volume.

14.1 The Gas Laws > 30 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Factors Affecting Gas Pressure Volume Increasing the volume of the contained gas has the opposite effect. If the volume is doubled, the particles can expand into a volume that is twice the original volume. With the same number of particles in twice the volume, the pressure of the gas is cut in half.

14.1 The Gas Laws > 31 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Factors Affecting Gas Pressure A piston can be used to force a gas in a cylinder into a smaller volume. When the volume is decreased, the pressure the gas exerts is increased. When the volume is increased, the pressure the gas exerts is decreased.

14.1 The Gas Laws > 32 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Factors Affecting Gas Pressure Temperature You can use kinetic theory to explain what happens as a gas is heated.

14.1 The Gas Laws > 33 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Factors Affecting Gas Pressure Temperature You can use kinetic theory to explain what happens as a gas is heated. The temperature increases and the average kinetic energy of the particles in the gas increases.

14.1 The Gas Laws > 34 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Factors Affecting Gas Pressure Temperature You can use kinetic theory to explain what happens as a gas is heated. The temperature increases and the average kinetic energy of the particles in the gas increases. Faster-moving particles strike the walls of their container with more energy.

14.1 The Gas Laws > 35 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Factors Affecting Gas Pressure An increase in temperature causes an increase in the pressure of an enclosed gas.

14.1 The Gas Laws > 36 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Factors Affecting Gas Pressure An increase in temperature causes an increase in the pressure of an enclosed gas. The container can explode if there is too great an increase in the gas pressure.

14.1 The Gas Laws > 37 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. How does the pressure of a contained gas change when the volume of the gas is increased? A. The pressure increases. B. The pressure decreases. C. The pressure does not change.

14.1 The Gas Laws > 38 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. How does the pressure of a contained gas change when the volume of the gas is increased? A. The pressure increases. B. The pressure decreases. C. The pressure does not change.

14.1 The Gas Laws > 39 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. CHEMISTRY & YOU Which do you think would travel farther if kicked with the same amount of force: a properly inflated soccer ball or an underinflated soccer ball?

14.1 The Gas Laws > 40 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. CHEMISTRY & YOU Which do you think would travel farther if kicked with the same amount of force: a properly inflated soccer ball or an underinflated soccer ball? A properly inflated soccer ball will travel farther.

14.1 The Gas Laws > 41 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. CHEMISTRY & YOU What might happen to an overinflated soccer ball if you kicked it too hard?

14.1 The Gas Laws > 42 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. CHEMISTRY & YOU What might happen to an overinflated soccer ball if you kicked it too hard? If the pressure is too high, the ball may burst when it is kicked.

14.1 The Gas Laws > 43 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Key Concepts Gases are easily compressed because of the space between particles in a gas. The amount of gas (n), volume (V), and temperature (T) are factors that affect gas pressure (P).

14.1 The Gas Laws > 44 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Glossary Terms compressibility: a measure of how much the volume of matter decreases under pressure

14.1 The Gas Laws > 45 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. END OF 14.1