Chemistry!!! Matter  takes up space and has mass All matter composed of elements Atom is smallest unit of an element that still retains characteristics of that element Protons and neutrons make up the atomic mass Electrically neutral atom has same number of protons and electrons

….chemistry continued Nucleus is surrounded by shells (energy levels) Inner most shell (lowest energy)can accommodate 2 e- Each shell after that can hold up to 8e- Atom most stable when has 8e- on outer shell NITROGEN

…. Unit of measure of number of atoms/elements in compound: mole  6.02x10^23  Number of atoms, for appropriate grams of 1 mole of that element  12 grams of Carbon 12 has 1 mole of carbon atoms

… Isotopes differ in number of neutrons, thus for any isotope, the atomic number stays the same, but the atomic mass differs Some isotopes exist as radioactive isotopes: where they emit rays or particles as they decay Important development for Medicine PET SCAN m/watch?v=GHLBcCv4rqk m/watch?v=GHLBcCv4rqk Radioactive Tracer for other Disease m/watch?v=noYyUeYAyus

Chemistry continued… Molecule- two or more atoms of an element chemically join ex: O 2 H 2 O Compound- atoms of different elements join ex: H 2 O; NaCl Bonds that can be formed:  Ionic (atoms gain or lose e-) Na+Cl- Ionic Lattice

…  Covalent bonds (atoms share e-) Ways to represent molecules/compounds:  Structural Formula (contains lines to reveal covalent bonds): H-O-H  Molecular Formula (shows number of atoms making up molecule): H 2 O

… Double Bonds & Triple Bonds  more than one pair of e- shared Ex: N-N, CO 2 Polar Covalent Bond  Partial negative and positive charge created because more electronegative atom withhold shared e- Nonpolar Covalent Bond  atoms share e- equal amount of time

Water,Acids, and Bases Organic molecule= molecules of life; carbon- based (CHNOPS) 1.Carbohydrates 2.Lipids 3.Protein 4.Nucleic Acids Inorganic Molecule= does not contain carbon, but can be incorporated into living thing to make organic molecule Water=IMPORTANT ____________MOLECULE!

Water… Polar molecule Hydrogen Bonding can occur (H-bonding) between slightly positive Hydrogen and slight negative atoms A Hydrogen Bond is a bond that takes place between two separate molecules

Important Properties of H2O 1.Water is a Solvent for polar and ionic compounds  this will help facilitate rxns in/out our body *water-loving= hydrophillic *water-fearing=hydrophobic 2. Water is cohesive & adhesive  Great for transport 3. High Specific Heat Capacity and High heat of Vaporization (that’s why we don’t melt and freeze right away)

…. ACID  in aqueous solution release Hydrogen ions; have a H+ to donate; accept e- pair BASE  in aqueous solution release Hydroxide ions; accept H+; donate e- pair pH= measure of hydrogen ion concentration Scale from 0-14, 7  Neutral Water Water is neutral because it gives equal number of H+ and -OH

pH in the Body- 7.4 CO 2 + H 2 O  H 2 CO 3  H+ + HCO 3 ¯ Acidosis- too much acid in the fluids of the body  acid builds up or bicarbonate is lost  metabolic or respiratory acidosis Alkalosis- too much base in the fluids of the body  Not enough carbon dioxide or too much bicarbonate ion

Important Reactions Dehydration Reaction  water results/water lost, and subunits bond R- -OH H- -R  H2O + R R Hydrolysis Reaction  water is “cut” or “lysed” when macromolecule breaks down into its subunits R R +H2O  R -OH H- R

MACROMOLECULES Macromolecule CategoryMonomer (Single Unit)Polymer (Many Monomers) Nucleic AcidsNucleotideDNA, RNA ProteinsAmino AcidPolypeptide LipidsGlycerol and Fatty AcidsFat CarbohydratesMonosaccharidePolysaccharide

Carbohydrates -General formula CH 2 O -Simple sugar = has 3-7 carbons =monosaccharide -open chain (acyclic) or closed chain(cyclic) -2 monosaccharides  disaccharide -Multiple monosaccharide  polysaccharides

Carbs continued! -Important for energy (ex: glucose in our body) -Important in plants for structure: polysaccharide Cellulose  our bodies don’t digest this: fiber  microbes in our intestines can -Important for protection: Chitin in Crustaceans -Starch  stored glucose in plants -Glycogen  stored glucose in animals

Lipids Long-term energy storage molecules Also found in cell membranes (phospholipids) Steroids are a class of lipids, sex-hormones (Estrogen and testosterone) Lipids found in fats and oils fats  animal derived oils  plant derived

Lipids continued..

Steroids

Reactants & Products

Proteins -Proteins=Macromolecule made of Amino Acid Subunits -help with chemical reactions -help provide structure -participate in hormonal communication and other physiological responses - Amino Acid + Amino Acid= dipeptide -3+ Amino Acids= polypetide

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Enzymes -Enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up chemical reactions -Enzymes lower Energy of Activation*  Energy of Activation= energy needed to start a reaction -many many many enzymes working simultaneously -can put molecules together, or help break down zw

Nucleic Acids