1 XDO2: A Deductive Object-Oriented Query Language for XML Wei Zhang 1, Tok Wang Ling 1, Zhuo Chen 1, and Gillian Dobbie 2 School of Computing National University of Singapore 1 Department of Computer Science University of Auckland New Zealand 2

2 Outline Background and Motivation XDO2 Database Example XDO2 Language Features  Simple and compact  Compact query return format  Multi-valued variables and aggregate functions  Separating structure and value  Not-predicate negation  Recursion querying Comparison with Related Work Conclusion and Future Work

3 Background - XTree XTree [1] is a generalization of and has advantages over XPath  XTree uses [ ] to group same level attributes and elements together  One XPath expression defines one variable vs one XTree expression defines multiple variables  XPath cannot define return format. However, XTree can define return format  Multi-valued variables expressed explicitly in XTree using { } vs no syntactic difference in XPath  Element tags (attribute names) separated from values in XTree using stru  value vs use of functions to separate structure and value pairs in XPath In short, XTree is designed to have a tree structure while XPath does not [1] Z. Chen, T.W. Ling, M.C. Liu, and G. Dobbie. XTree for declarative XML querying. In Proceedings of DASFAA, pages , Korea, 2004

4 Motivation Our proposed XDO2 is a novel XML query language which is based on XTree and has deductive features such as deductive rules and negation, and some object-oriented features such as inheritance and methods Major contributions of XDO2  Negation: supported using not-predicate instead of conventional logical negation as used in XQuery  Derived attributes/methods: implemented as (recursive) deductive rules to deduce new properties  (Multiple) Inheritance: enables a subclass object to inherit the properties from its superclass objects  Multiple variables in one expression, compact return format, explicitly expresses multi-valued variables, and separates structure from value

5 XDO2 Database Example – Company XML data John King Street Ottawa 1975 Male Mike Albert Ottawa 1954 Male Mary Albert Ottawa 1958 Female Star 6000 Tennis Soccer 4000 Tennis

6 XDO2 Database Example – ORA-SS Schema Diagram Fig 1: ORA-SS schema diagram

7 XDO2 Database Example - Schema Features Two derived attributes using rules  age derived attribute in person class  bachelor derived attribute in person class Inheritance  Employee class is a subclass of person class and inherits all the properties of person class (attributes and derived attributes)

8 XDO2 Database Example – Derived Attribute Age Rule R1 defines that the age of a person is 2005 minus his/her birthyear. (R1) $p/age : $a :- /root/person : $p/birthyear : $b, $a = $b.  Notation “ :- ” is to specify if the right hand side (body) is true, then the left hand side (head) is true.  Notation “ : ” assigns the value of left hand side to the right hand side. If the left hand side is an object class, then the right hand side binds to the object identifier, such as person.  Single-valued variables are denoted by “ $ ” followed by a string literal.

9 XDO2 Database Example – Derived Attribute Bachelor Rule R2 defines that a person is a bachelor if he is a male and without spouse. (R2) $p/bachelor : true :- /root/person : $p/ [sex : “ Male ”, not(spouse : $s)].  Notation “ [ ] ” is to group the same level properties (attributes, derived attributes) together which are defined under the same parent object  Notation “ not ” is to negate the existence of enclosed term  Two Boolean values true and false are reserved [2] T.W. Ling. The prolog not-predicate and negation as failure rule. New Generation Computing, 8(1):5-31, 1990

10 XDO2 Database Example – Inheritance The following statement defines that employee object class is a subclass of person object class. employee ISA person by employee.pno ISA person.pno  Notice the first part of the statement defines the class inheritance while the second part of the statement defines the object inheritance

11 XDO2 Database Example – Query (Eg1) Find the age and salary of all employees who are bachelors, with age less than 30, and salary larger than /db/youngRichBachelor : $e/[age : $a, payroll : $s]  /root/company/ employee : $e/[age : $a, bachelor : true, salary : $s], $a  Notation “” is to specify the left hand side is used to construct the XML result and the right hand side is the query and the conditional parts  Derived attributes age and bachelor specified in rule R1 and rule R2 are used directly in the query  age and bachelor properties are inherited from the person class by employee being a subclass of person class

12 XDO2 Database Example – Query Result Using the LHS result construction expression of example 1, we can generate the following XML data result Note: $e which binds to the object identifier of employee, is used as the value of the result element youngRichBachelor

13 XDO2 Language Features Simple and compact query expression (Eg2) Find the year and title of each book, and its authors’ last name and first name. XDO2 expression: : $y, title : $t, author/[last : $l, first : $f]] XPath expressions: $book in /bib/book, $y in $t in $book/title, $author in $book/author, $last in $author/last, $first in $author/first  One XDO2 expression corresponding to 6 XPath expressions  Using [ ] to group the same level attributes, elements, and/or methods together to have a tree structure.  $book and $author are needed in XPath expressions

14 XDO2 Language Features Compact result format (Eg3) List the titles and publishers of books which are published after XDO2 query expression: /result/recentbook/[title : $t, publisher : $p]  : $y, title : $t, publisher : $p], $y > XQuery expression: for $book in /bib/book, $y in $t in $book/title, $p in $book/publisher where $y > 2000 return {$t} {$p}  One XDO2 expression is used for query result format while XML element tags is mixed with the XPath expressions in XQuery

15 XDO2 Language Features Multi-valued variables and aggregate functions (Eg4) List the titles of the book which has more than 1 author. XDO2 query expression: /result/multiAuthorBook/title : $t  /bib/book/[title : $t, author : ],.count() > 1. XQuery expression: for $book in /bib/book, $t in $book/title let $a in $book/author where count($a) >1 return {$t}  Multi-valued variables are denoted by (list-valued) or { } (set- valued)  Object-oriented fashion built-in aggregate functions instead of function based fashion

16 XDO2 Language Features Separating structure from value (Eg5) Get sub-element with value “John” in some person element. XDO2 query expression: $ele  /root/person/$ele : “John”. XQuery expression: for $b in /root/person/* where string($b) = “John” return local-name($b)  Using stru : value to separate the structure from the value naturally  In XQuery, built-in functions string() and local-name() have to be used to get values and structures respectively

17 XDO2 Language Features Not-predicate negation (nested) (Eg6) To retrieve the name of the company where every employee has hobby “Tennis”. XDO2 query expression: /db/allLikeTennisCom : $n  /root/company : $c/name : $n, $c/not(employee/not(hobby : “Tennis”)). XQuery expression: for $c in /root/company where EVERY $e IN $c/employee SATISFIES SOME $h IN $e/hobby SATISFIES string($h) = “Tennis” return {string($c/name)}  XDO2 query expression is much simpler and more compact using the not-predicate compared with XQuery, which needs keyword “EVERY”, “SOME”, “IN”, SATISFIES”

18 XDO2 Language Features Not-predicate negation (sub-tree) (Eg7) To retrieve the companies which do not have an employee who has sex “Male” and birthyear [2] T.W. Ling. The prolog not-predicate and negation as failure rule. New Generation Computing, 8(1):5-31, 1990 XDO2 query expression: /db/company : $c  /root/company : $c/not(employee/ [sex : “Male”, birthyear : 1975]). XQuery expression: for $c in /root/company where NOT (SOME $e IN $c/employee SATISFIES ($e/sex = “Male” AND $e/birthyear = 1975)) return {$c}  Using the not-predicate on a subtree structure, XDO2 expression is more compact while XQuery needs “NOT”, “SOME”, “IN”, “SATISFIES”, “AND”.

19 XDO2 Language Features Recursion querying (Eg8) Suppose there is a sub-element child directly under the person element. The following deductive rules define descendants of person. $p/descendant : $c :- /root/person : $p/child : $c. $p/descendant : $d :- /root/person : $p/child : $c, $c/descendant : $d. To retrieve all the descendants of a person with pno ‘p1’. /db/person_p1/descendant : $d  /root/person : ‘p1’/descendant : $d.  for each descendant of person with pno value ‘p1’, single-valued variable $d will bind to the descendant’s identifier and output the result. The recursive rules are recursively used to infer all the person’s descendants.

20 Comparison with Related Work XDO2XQueryXTreeQueryF-logic [9]XML_RL [8] Underlying dataXML tree ObjectXML tree Path expressionXTreeXPathXTree Path expression XTree-like expression Deductive ruleYesNo YesPartial Recursion Recursive rule Recursive function Recursive query Recursive rule Recursive query Negation Not- predicate Logical negation QuantificationNo needYes Multi-valued variable YesNoYesNoYes Direct structure querying YesNoYes Object-oriented features YesNo YesNo [8] M.C. Liu. A logical foundation for XML. In CAiSE, pages , [9] M. Kifer, G. Lausen, and J. Wu. Logical foundations of object-oriented and frame-based languages. Journal of ACM, 42(4): , 1995.

21 Conclusion A novel new XML query language XDO2 which is based on XTree and has deductive and object- oriented features. The relationship between XDO2 and XQuery is similar to the relationship between Datalog and SQL XDO2 queries are simpler and more compact than current XML query languages such as XQuery because XDO2 is based on XTree, and supports (recursive) deductive rules and the not-predicate.

22 Conclusion – Cont’d Important features and contributions of XDO2  Negation: supported using not-predicate instead of conventional logical negation as used in XQuery  Derived attributes/methods: implemented as (recursive) deductive rules to deduce new properties  (Multiple) Inheritance: enables a subclass object to inherit the properties from its superclass objects  Multiple variables in one expression, compact return format, explicit multi-valued variables, and separating structure from value are supported naturally due to XTree

23 Future Work How to evaluate the XDO2 queries efficiently? Especially those queries involving recursive deductive rules and not-predicate. Approaches for XDO2 queries evaluation? Datalog like bottom-up approach Prolog like top-down approach Combining both

24 References [1] Z.Chen, T.W. Ling, M.C. Liu, and G.Dobbie. XTree for declarative XML querying. In Proceedings of DASFAA, pages , Korea, [2] T.W. Ling. The prolog not-predicate and negation as failure rule. New Generation Computing, 8(1):5-31, [3] T.W. Ling and M.L. Lee and G. Dobbie. Semistructured Database Design. Springer, [4] T.W. Ling and W.B.T. Lee. DO2: A deductive object-oriented database system. In proceedings of the 9 th International Conference on Database and Expert System Applications, pages 50-59, [5] M.C. Liu and T.W. Ling. Towards declarative XML querying. In Proceedings of WISE, pages , Singapore, [6] M.C. Liu, G. Dobbie, and T.W. Ling. A logical foundation for deductive object-oriented databases. ACM Transactions Database Systems, 27(1): , [7] M. Kifer, G. Lausen, and J. Wu. Logical foundations of object-oriented and frame- based languages. Journal of ACM, 42(4): , [8] M.C. Liu. A logical foundation for XML. In CAiSE, pages , [9] M. Kifer, G. Lausen, and J. Wu. Logical foundations of object-oriented and frame- based languages. Journal of ACM, 42(4): , [10]M.C. Liu and T.W. Ling. Towards declarative XML quering. In Proceedings of WISE, pages , Singapore, 2002.

25 The End Thank You! Any Questions?