The Road to the Civil War  The US-Mexico War,  Gold Rush, Migration and Expansion  Compromise of 1850  Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 1852  Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854  Bleeding Kansas,  Dredd Scott Decision, 1857  John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry  1860 Presidential Election

The Road to the Civil War  Manifest Destiny and War expanded the US to the Pacific Ocean  Westward Expansion of Slavery after US-Mexico War  Debates over slavery in the West ripped the country apart  Ideologies of state’s rights  Polarized the North & South  No common ground in political parties

The Election of 1860  “Slavery on trial”  Nationalism  Meaning of America?  States-Federal Gov.?  John Brown  Distrust  Democrats crumbled  Lincoln (R) won

The South Seceded, 1861  South Carolina first  Propaganda  MISS, FL, AL, GA, LA, TX  Confederate States of America  President Jefferson Davis

Ft. Sumter, March-April  South Carolina  Troops trapped  Stand-off  Confederates fired  Major Anderson surrendered  War began

The Civil War,

North vs. South (strengths)  North  Industry  Finances  Population  Railroads  Federal government  South  Home field  Skilled leaders  Agriculture  Defensive war  Supplies

North vs. South (weaknesses)  North  Arrogance  Leadership  Distance  Supplies  South  Slave population  Industry  Railroads  Finances  Government

The Nature of War  Long & bloody  Militias  Total War  Divided families  Women & blacks  Benefited North  Fought in South

Preparing for War

Battlefield Amputation

Tent life, 1861 D.C.

Southern Strategy Outlast North Disperse troops Righteousness Cotton & Europe

Northern Strategy Missouri River Naval blockade Divide/Isolate Industry Force & population Land and sea General Grant 

Turning Points, Bull Run, VA: war would be harder… Shiloh, TN: both sides reassess tactics Antietam, MD: worst day of fighting. North Blocked Southern Invasion

Emancipation Proclamation

Free African Americans

African American Troops -Over 200,000 served-80% from south -Lewis Douglass-Inequalities -54 th Mass. Regiment

Union Gains, June 1863…  Drafted 2 million men  Gettysburg, PA 1863  (51,000 dead & War turned against South)  Vicksburg, MS 1863  (North gained River)  Navy  U.S. Grant, 1864   Atlanta

Sherman’s March to the Sea  1864  100,000 people  280 x 50 miles  Atlanta to Coast  Charlestown  Chased Lee to VA  Richmond 

Weaknesses in the South, 1864  Desertions and mutinies  West Virginia broke away  Anti-War protests  Food Riots  Questioning of slavery  Women protesting War  Financial ruin, debt, political conflict

Civil War in the West  Civil War in New Mexico and Texas  New Mexico was Union territory  Texas Confederates invaded NM  Texas was Confederate, but with Union supporters  Border Wars  French invaded Mexico, 1863 and expelled by Benito Juarez

Thirteenth Amendment  Lincoln reelected in 1864  Amendment was ratified to the constitution in 1865, before the end of the Civil War  Abolished slavery everywhere in the United States

End of the War  April 1865 Virginia  Appomattox Courthouse  Lee and Grant  End of War  Lincoln shot by John Wilkes Booth, 1865

Significance of War  Over 600,000 dead  25% southern men  Southern economy  Crops, roads, homes  Strengthened Union  Ended slavery  “Fulfilled Declaration”

Changes in America: The 1860s  Four million freed blacks  Re-united Americans  Heal wounds of War  Labor conflict, New York draft riots, anti-black violence  Irish immigration  Women in war industries

Land and Prosperity  Homestead Act, 1862 Federal government gave land to people in Western Territories Payment for soldiers Railroads and speculators  Land Grant College Act Each state will have land for university Sale of public lands will fund it Educated America

Civil War: A Disaster for Indians  California Indian Laws  New policies: concentration onto reservations  Military wars waged against tribes  Southern tribes trapped  Expansion of railroads & population  Treaties declined after Civil War  Full U.S. Army used after Civil War

Reconstruction,  National effort to re-unite, or re- construct the north and south, and entire nation  Rebuild Southern economy  Question of punishment for secession  Loyalty oaths? Serve in office?  Protect Black freedoms?  Who will do the labor

Southern Resistance, Northern Reaction  Southern politicians resisted  Pres Johnson was lenient  Pres Grant & “Radical Reconstruction”  Military districts  Loyalty oaths, debts, penalties  Freedmen’s Bureau  14 th Amendment Citizenship and equal protection  15 th Amendment Voting rights

Compromise of 1877  Republicans traded black equality to break a tie in the 1876 presidential election  Pulled troops out of south  Race relations returned to pre-1865 dynamics, excluding slave status  Focused on The West  Industrialization  Foreign imperial expansion

Conclusions  Lincoln did not support social equality  Resolution of sectionalism  Power of federal gov’t  Reconstruction,  Economic and industrial integration  14 th Amendment: Citizenship & Due Process  15 th Amendment: voting rights

Why History is Important  Understand power in America  See struggles of oppressed people  People make history, not fate  Multiple perspectives and views  Evidence and arguments  Myths and heroism  Nationalism and patriotism  History is who we are