Introduction to Clinical Psychology: Science, Practice and Ethics Chapter 1 Definition and Training This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of the program Copyright ©Allyn & Bacon 2005

APA Division 12 Definition “The field of Clinical Psychology integrates science, theory, and practice to understand, predict, and alleviate maladjustment, disability, and discomfort as well as to promote human adaptation, adjustment, and personal development. Clinical Psychology focuses on the intellectual, emotional, biological, psychological, social, and behavioral aspects of human functioning across the life span, in varying cultures, and at all socioeconomic levels.”

Characteristics of Clinical Psychology Emphasis on science Determinism Empiricism Hypothetical constructs Emphasis on maladjustment Emphasis on the individuals (nomethetic vs. idiographic) Emphasis on Helping

Activities of Clinical Psychologists Research Teaching Psychotherapy Psychological assessment Consultation Administration

Norcross, Karg, & Prochaska, 1997 Activity % involved in % Time Psychotherapy 84 37 Diagnosis/Assessment 74 15 Teaching 50 09 Clinical Supervision 62 07 Research/Writing 47 10 Consultation 54 07 Administration 52 11

A day in the life of a Clinical Psychologist (Dr Melinda Losee) Monday 8:00 - check messages, e-mail, return calls 9:00 - psychotherapy client 10:00 - psychotherapy client 11:00 - case conference -review new cases 12:00 - continuing education luncheon 1:00 - intake new psychotherapy client 2:00 - consult with psychiatrist re: inpatients 3:00 - intake new psychotherapy client 4:00 - supervision of Master’s level clinicians 5:00 - paperwork

A day in the life of a Clinical Psychologist (Dr. Melinda Losee) Tuesday 8:00 - exercise 9:00 - check messages, return calls, prepare 10:00 - score/interpret psychological testing 11:00 - report writing 12:00 - lunch 1:00 - psychotherapy client 2:00 - psychological evaluation 3:00 - psychological evaluation continued 4:00 - psychotherapy client 5:00 - paper work/return calls

A day in the life of a Clinical Psychologist (Dr. Melinda Losee) Wednesday 8:00 - check phone and e-mail, return calls 9:00 - report writing 10:00 – psychotherapy client 11:00 – Policy Committee 12:00 – Wellness Committee/lunch 1:00 - consultation with inpatient psychiatry 2:00 - consultation continued 3:00 - consultation continued 4:00 - report-writing 5:00 - paper work/return calls

Distinguishing Clinical Psychology from Related Professions Psychiatry Clinical Social Work Counseling Psychology School Psychology Consultation

Training in Clinical Psychology Undergraduate preparation Graduate School Continuing Professional Education

Undergraduate Preparation Education in Psychology Basic psychology courses Clinically-relevant courses Statistics and research methods Broad Liberal Arts Education “Hard” sciences Related social sciences

Getting into Graduate School Grade Point Average Graduate Record Exams Research experience Clinically-relevant experience Letters of recommendation

Graduate Training in Clinical Psychology: Overview Scientist-Practitioner Model Criticisms of Scientist-Practitioner Model Alternative Model – Psy.D. Professional Schools Clinical-Scientist Model

Scientist-Practitioner Model Clinical Psychology – a branch of scientific psychology Training in research and practice Link between science and practice “Scientist-practitioner psychologists embody a research orientation in their practice and a practice relevance in their research” (Belar & Perry, 1999)

Scientist-Practitioner Training Training in three broad areas: Research Assessment Intervention Advanced education in core areas of psychology Biological bases Learning and cognition Social influences Individual differences Experiential learning Clinical practica (leading to pre-doctoral internship) Research mentoring (leading to doctoral dissertation)

Terms Scientist-practitioner model = Boulder

Criticisms of Boulder Model Training is not integrated Faculty are poor role-models Most applicants interested in practice Few clinical psychologist do research Research training not necessary to be a good clinician

Alternatives to Scientist-Practitioner Model Scholar-practitioner model (Vail model) De-emphasis on research experience (although continue training in research) Relatively greater emphasis on psychological service delivery

Alternative Degree Doctor of Psychology (Psy.D.) Emphasis is on training for practice First program 1968 – University of Illinois Currently – about 25% of APA accredited doctoral training programs in clinical psychology offer Psy.D.

Doctor of Psychology (Psy.D.) Focus of training is on clinical service delivery Exposure to research methods – but not expected to do research Dissertation does not require original research

Professional Schools Free-standing (not affiliated with a university) For-profit private institutions Emphasis is on clinical training Psy.D. or Ph.D. Accept large classes Faculty tend to be part-time

Free-Standing Professional School vs. University-Based Doctoral Program Costs Class size Faculty Research Emphasis

Clinical-Scientist Commitment to training in research Commitment to training in assessment and therapy methods that have research support Prepare students for careers in clinical research

Academy of Psychological Clinical Science To foster training in clinical science research To advance clinical science research and theory To foster application of clinical science to human problems in responsible and innovative ways To foster dissemination of clinical science

Graduate Training Programs in Clinical Psychology Scholar Practitioner Practice Science Scientist Practitioner Clinical Scientist

Post-Doctoral Training Licensure Most states require one year of supervised post-doctoral experience Research/Academic Career 1 to 3 years of pos-doctoral training experience is common Grant-supported post-doctoral fellowships

Continuing Professional Education “Continuing Professional Education (CPE) in psychology is an ongoing process consisting of formal learning activities that (1) are relevant to psychological practice, education and science, (2) enable psychologists to keep pace with emerging issues and technologies, and (3) allow psychologists to maintain, develop, and increase competencies in order to improve service to the public and enhance contributions to the profession” (American Psychological Association)

Continuing Professional Education Maintaining licensure Expanding practice Voluntary certification (e.g., ABPP)