By: Zachary Bowles and Ashlyn McCanless

CCell Organelles pg.2 AActive Transport pg.3 PPassive Transport pg.4 CCellular Respiration pg.5 FFermentation pg.6 MMitosis pg.7 MMeiosis pg.8 AAsexual Reproduction pg.9

Cell organelles perform different functions MMitochondrion- an organelle that produces energy from food VVacuole- a sac in the cell that stores water and other materials RRibosome- an organelle responsible for protein production EEndoplasmic Reticulum- which is like a maze of passages that carries materials throughout the cell NNucleus- the nucleus contains DNA and directs all the cell’s activities DDNA- controls the different functions of the cell, which is an instruction book GGolgi body- receives materials from the endoplasmic reticulum CCell wall- helps support and protect the cell CChloroplasts- site of photosynthesis (which is the plant cycle) CCell Membrane- controls what enters and exits the cell LLysosome- trash collector of the cell

 Active transport is used when something is too large to pass through a cell membrane. It is also used when oxygen moves from a low concentration to a high concentration. Think of it like stairs, for example when you go from downstairs to up stairs.

Passive transport is when oxygen moves from a high concentration to a low concentration. There are three types of passive transport  Osmosis – when water moves through the membrane of a cell  Diffusion – the movement of molecules through the membrane of a cell  Facilitated diffusion – when an ion moves through the membrane, using the channel of embedded proteins which means being surrounded by proteins

 This entire process takes place in the cytoplasm  Cytoplasm is the jelly like substance found in a cell  Fermentation uses glucose (simple sugar) and it is broken down into smaller pieces to produce energy.  Two types of fermentation – alcohol and lactic acid fermentation FERMENTATION oxygen is NOT required Not as much energy produced in cellular respiration

this is the chemical formula for cellular resperation:C 6 H 12 O O 2 - > 6CO 2+ 6 H 2 O (glucose) (oxygen) (carbon dioxide) (water) FFIRST STAGE > takes place in cytoplasm GGlucose is broken down into smaller pieces OOxygen is NOT involved SSmall amount of energy is released 22 ND AND 3 RD STAGE > requires oxygen SSmall parts are broken down into even smaller particles LLarge amount of energy is produced

Mitosis is the second stage in the cell cycle. The nucleus divides in this stage. Mitosis has four stages of its own. 1.prophase- the nuclear membrane breaks down and the chromosomes pair up 2. metaphase- the chromosomes line up down the middle of the cell 3. anaphase- chromosomes go to opposite sides of the cell and the cell elongates 4. Telophase- two distinct nucleus are formed

This means that there is only one parent cell. There are four types of asexual reproduction.  Binary Fission – when the cell gets larger and divides into two equal parts.  Budding – the outgrowth of a small part of the parent and develops into a new organism  Spores – capable of sprouting new organisms (capsule- shaped, contain DNA)  Vegetative reproductive – found in plants, small parts grow out of the parent plant that becomes a new plant. ex. Bulbs, offshoots, and stolens.

In Meiosis a cell divides two times, ending with four daughter, that are NOT duplicates.  Each daughter cell is a gamete with only twenty-three chromosomes  A gamete is a mature male or female reproductive cell  Meiosis occurs in two stages 1. Meiosis I – the DNA duplicates and now has forty-six chromosomes 2. Meiosis II – the chromosomes align down the middle of the cell, the chromatids separate at their centromeres and migrate to opposite poles Chromatid – one of the two strands of a duplicated chromosome Centromeres – paired chromatids are held together by this in the middle by a structure