© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

3 Preparing for Parenting

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Key Terms indirect costs foregone income maternity leave paternity leave Family and Medical Leave Act family planning birth control methods infertile sterile fertility counseling assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) artificial insemination in vitro fertilization (IVF) gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) surrogate mother

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Objective Explain why parenting is more difficult than other jobs.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Why Is It Hard to Be a Good Parent? Not an automatic activity Involves relationships with people Formal training does not occur No specific age requirement Lack of early training within the family – live far from relatives – professionals provide child care

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Deciding About Parenthood

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Objective Analyze some of the motivations for and against parenthood.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Reasons for Choosing Parenthood “We want to share our love with a child.” “Wouldn’t it be nice to have a cute baby?” “Our parents want grandchildren.” “Our older child needs a brother or sister.” “A child can make us proud.” “Others will see me as a stable, reliable person.” “A child will comfort us in our old age.” “A child will make us love each other.”

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Reasons for Not Choosing Parenthood “We’re not ready for a child.” “A baby costs a lot.” “A child will tie us down.” “A child will interfere with our careers.” “Our child could be sick or have a disability.” “Our marriage could fail, and I don’t want to be a single parent.”

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Objective Identify factors to consider before becoming a parent.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. How Children Affect Parents Raising children is another name for parenting Parenting is two-directional Parents must want and be willing to change along with a baby over many years – Galinsky’s parenting stages

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Galinsky’s Parenting Stages

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. How Children Affect Relationships Couples look at the strengths and weaknesses of present relationships – strengths should balance each other – children do not strengthen weak marriages Couples examine relationships by asking questions about their feelings for others – questions should relate to parenting continued

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. How Children Affect Relationships Couples should think about how their relationship with their partner would change if they were parents continued

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. How Children Affect Relationships Good relationships with others are positive for the couple and their possible children Examine how relationships with others will affect children – relatives/friends provide first link to world – older relatives teach children about past – relatives/friends who care for children help them feel more rooted to family

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Sharing Responsibilities Examine feelings regarding home care responsibilities Address the sharing of responsibilities and how a child will change shared responsibilities

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Managing Finances Children are expensive – expenses grow as the child grows First baby is often the most expensive – additional children may use some of the firstborn’s items Each additional child increases costs – a second child usually doubles costs continued

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Managing Finances Indirect costs are resources used to meet child-related costs Indirect costs Foregone income is the potential income lost by not being in the workforce Foregone income – lost career opportunities

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Managing Careers Maternity leave is the time mothers take off work for birth or adoption Maternity leave – time varies – payment process varies – allows for bonding with child, rest for mother Paternity leave is the time fathers take off work for birth or adoption Paternity leave – usually unpaid continued

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Managing Careers Family and Medical Leave Act protects rights of women and men to take unpaid maternity or paternity leave Family and Medical Leave Act – applies to U.S. companies with more than 50 employees – grants 12 weeks unpaid leave each year – guarantees employee’s job or equal job available upon return continued

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Managing Careers Employers must treat leave for childbirth and recovery as a medical disability – may require partial pay during maternity leave continued

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Managing Careers Parents should review employers’ leave policies before children are born or adopted – helps calculate foregone income costs of various lengths of leave

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Objective Describe effects of family planning.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Family Planning Family planning happens when a couple decides how many children they want and when to have them Family planning Couples can use birth control methods to help delay having childrenbirth control methods Personal choice Physical health should be considered

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. What Do You Think? What types of questions would you ask a physician when seeking information about family planning? What type of life changes may necessitate a change in birth control methods?

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Objective Explain physical and psychological problems of infertility.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Infertility and Sterility Couples who do not conceive within a year are known as infertileinfertile – about 37% of women under the age of 35 will later conceive rate drops as women age Couples who are sterile are unable to conceive or carry a fully biological childsterile continued

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Infertility and Sterility Causes include – reproductive diseases – problems with reproductive organs – certain diseases – some prescription drugs – exposure to drugs, chemicals, radiation – sexually transmitted infections – smoking – being overweight or underweight – aging

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Objective Describe fertility methods.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Overcoming Infertility Fertility counseling consists of determining reasons for fertility problems and exploring treatment options Fertility counseling – hormones or drugs – surgery continued

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Overcoming Infertility Couples may try assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) to help them conceiveassisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) Artificial insemination involves introducing sperm into the vagina or uterus by a medical procedure rather than by sexual relations Artificial insemination continued

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Overcoming Infertility In vitro fertilization (IVF) involves surgically removing some of the mother’s eggs, fertilizing with sperm in a laboratory dish, and implanting in the mother’s uterus In vitro fertilization (IVF) continued

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Overcoming Infertility Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) occurs when a mixture of sperm and eggs is placed in the woman’s fallopian tubes, where fertilization can occur Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) – conception is more likely because more than one egg is present – multiple pregnancy can occur continued

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Overcoming Infertility A surrogate mother is a woman who bears, or conceives and bears, a child for another couplesurrogate mother Legal ramifications – fees/contracts – medical costs – reversing decisions surrogate decides to keep child couple does not want child continued

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Overcoming Infertility Only about 50% effective – decreases with age Emotionally painful Financial cost – medical procedures – travel – medications Legal and ethical considerations

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. What Do You Think? What should happen to a surrogate mother who uses her egg and another couple’s sperm and then decides she wants to keep the baby and not give it to the couple after birth occurs?

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. artificial insemination. Assisted reproductive technology (ART) procedure that involves introducing sperm into the vagina or uterus by a medical procedure rather than by sexual relations. assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs). Methods infertile couples can use to help them conceive. Glossary of Key Terms

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. birth control methods. Methods couples use to prevent conception. Family and Medical Leave Act. Law that protects the rights of the workers of large companies to take up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave per year for various family-related reasons. Glossary of Key Terms

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. family planning. Decisions couples make about the desired number and spacing of future children. fertility counseling. Medical evaluation that seeks to determine the reasons for fertility problems and explore available treatment options. Glossary of Key Terms

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. foregone income. Potential income given up by a parent who leaves the workforce and stays home to raise a child. gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT). Assisted reproductive technology (ART) procedure in which a mixture of sperm and eggs is placed in the woman’s fallopian tubes, where fertilization can occur. Glossary of Key Terms

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. indirect costs. Resources used to meet child-related costs that could have been used to meet other goals. infertile. Term used to refer to a person who is unable to conceive after a year of trying. Glossary of Key Terms

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. in vitro fertilization (IVF). Assisted reproductive technology (ART) procedure in which some of the mother’s eggs are surgically removed, fertilized with sperm in a laboratory dish, and then implanted in the mother’s uterus. Glossary of Key Terms

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. maternity leave. Time a woman takes off from work for the birth or adoption of a child. paternity leave. Time a man takes off from work (usually without pay) for a set period after a child’s birth or adoption. Glossary of Key Terms

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. sterile. Condition of being permanently unable to conceive or carry fully biological children. surrogate mother. Woman who bears (sometimes both conceives and bears) a child for a couple. Glossary of Key Terms