Psychological Disorders

1.5 million people are hospitalized in the U.S. for mental disturbances. An additional 4 to 5 million people annually seek psychological help of one sort or another.

Psychological Not trust people Stress Sociocultural Background Biological Nature Combination

Person may suffer from discomfort more or less continuously. Person may have a bizarre fashion. Person many be very inefficient. Unable to perform their life roles properly Have trouble getting along with others and are typically inflexible. Person constantly see a threatening environment.

A book published by the American Psychiatric Association that classifies the symptoms of mental disorders into formal categories

Inattention, distractibility impulsiveness, and or excessive activity, and restlessness

Trouble in school is usually the first sign 3 to 5 % of the population of children 80% males Most common reason children are referred to a mental health professional Average age 8 and 10 years

Malfunction in the pre-fontal brain Eating too much sugar (Not True) Allergies or reactions to food additives or dyes (Not Common) Really do not know cause

Ritalin - stimulant Structure (high degree) Distractions reduced Time cut down 1/2 cases continue to adolescence 1/3 cases continue to adulthood

A failure to develop normal patterns of communication, social interaction, and emotional responses

Present from birth and appear very early in life Can be diagnosed before age of three, can be seen at infancy Rare disorder 2 to 5 of every 10,000 children 3 times as many males as females

Babies Hard to feed No social smiling Don’t like being held or cuddled Children Frequent tantrum Spin or rock themselves Stare off into space for long periods of time Very little sensitivity to pain Rarely maintain eye contact Become attached to objects not people “sameness” in their environment dislike change (strong reaction) Mostly remain mute Echolalia: the person “echoes”, or repeats what has just been said

Do Not know what causes autistic Disorder Result of physiological or neurological problems, not bad parenting

No Cure or Medication Treatment depends of the degree of autism

Disorders whose major symptom is anxiety

A generalized feeling of apprehension and pending disaste r

Attacks happen a few times a day o Palms sweat o Throat closes up o Breathing is erratic o Heart ponds o Hands tremble o Armpit sweat (increases) Between attacks o Restless o Sleep poorly o Don’t eat well o Not capable of calming dow n

28-4

Panic Disorder: frequent and overwhelming attacks of anxiety that are not associated with specific objects or events. Stress increases attack and soon panic attacks are associated with different activities Treatment - medication/psychotherapy

Specific phobia: a phobia disorder associated with a specific object or situation, such as snakes, dogs, elevators, and heights. Cause: association or learning Agoraphobia: the fear of leaving a familiar environment, especially home (open places) Cause: Learned in childhood, stay at home moms develop it over time, have boundaries that they have to stay in that go beyond their home.

28-5 Score: Add up the numbers placed in front of each item Results: Higher scores reflect greater anxiety levels

Both repetitive thoughts and ritualized, repetitive behavio rs

Obsession: endless preoccupation with a certain urge or thought Compulsion: repeated symbolic, ritualized behavior

Results from faulty attempts to resolve guilt, anxiety, or insecurity. Defect in the amount of some brain chemical resulting in which circuits in the brain are triggered over and over to repeat endless actions that are reasonably normal for most.

Certain drugs Psychotherapy

28-6 Score: 1 pt. true answers for items: 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 16, 17, 21 1 pt. false answers for items: 5, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 19, 20, 22 3 and 15 Validity if not answered correctly not valid Results: Higher scores reflecting greater compulsivity.

A condition in which psychological issues are expressed in bodily symptoms in the absence of any real physical problem

Conversion Disorder: a serious psychological trauma is changed into a symbolic physical dysfunction. Examples: Hysterical blindness, hysterical paralysis Hypochondriasis: feeling excessive concern about one’s health and exaggerating the seriousness of minor physical complaints Cause: attention as a child when sick and looking for that same attention

Disorders in which memory of a part of one’s life becomes disconnected from the other parts.

Amnesia: traumatic events seem to disappear from memory. Psychogenic Amnesia: psychologically caused. Selective Forgetting - forgetting only things that are very traumatic Fugue: a person forgets his or her current life and starts a new one somewhere else. Cause: serious or unresolved conflict Dissociative Identity Disorder: a person divides himself or herself into separate personalities that can act independently Cause: Haunted, confused personality History of traumatic experiences or child abuse Long-term habit of escaping from almost every problem Have very strong, conflicting desires and needs in their lifestyles.

29-3 Score: 1 pt. for true answers for items: 1-6, 8-9, 11-14, 16, 19 1 pt. for false answers for items: 7, 10, 15, 17, 18, , Results Higher more Dissociation “Normal” score 9.92

Emotional states including depression and mania

A mood disorder involving moderate depression 4 to 12% of the population are affected by this Common Cold of mental health Goes on for a long period of time or comes out of no where for no real reason.

Lack of energy Unhappiness Loss of interest in activities and people Loss of sense of humor Sadness Rock-bottom feeling of self-worth

Sever depression; involves loss of appetite, lack of energy, hopelessness, and suicidal thoughts Trouble carrying out simple daily tasks

28-7 Score: Reverse number for items: 2, 5, 6, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 18, 20 Then add up all numbers Results: Mild Depression Moderate to Severe 70-above Indicates Severe Depression

A mood disorder involving extreme agitation, restlessness, rapid speech, and trouble concentrating. Fight of ideas: a confused stat in which thoughts and speech go in all directions with no unifying concept. Delusions that have special powers or great influences.

A mood disorder involving high and low moods Manic Depression

Lifetime of many separations, losses and serious set backs Females are twice as likely to be moderately depresses and four times as likely as males to suffer from major depression. Bipolar disorder rates are the same for both genders. Married women are more often depressed than single women. The more children a woman has the more likely she is to become depressed. Learned helplessness: a condition is which a person has accepted the generalized idea that she can do nothing to help herself, Self-image Denying who you really are in order to have people like you. Deficiency in hormone thyroxin. Brain chemical serotonin levels too high lead to mania; levels too low lead to depression

Various Drugs Psychotherapy

Psychosis: a severe mental disorder that may involve disorganized thought processes, hallucinations, delusions, and major problems with emotional responses.

Thought disorder: a serious distortion in the ability to think or speak in a lucid and coherent way. Hallucinating: the act of seeing or hearing something that is not present. Delusion: a belief in something that is clearly not true. Great deal of trouble with emotional responses Emotions shown inappropriate

A psychosis involving disorganized thoughts and garbled speech as well as hallucinations and delusions; the most serious mental disorder. Word Salad: speech in which words are mixed incoherently Clang Associations: rhythmic patterns associated with psychotic speech.

Catatonic: disturbances of movement Do not speak or say very little In a stupor much of the time Hold a peculiar posture or sit or stand unmoving for hours Paranoid: Strong feeling of suspiciousness and persecution Grandiose beliefs: special or supper human powers Undifferentiated: lacks distinguishing symptoms Catch all

Periods of psychotic behavior; they can alternate with periods of relative coherence and calm

Moderately high if family members have it. Not key factor. 90% no family members When adopted out of family chances lowered Environment plays a small roles. Not a cause but can contribute.

Dopamine: it is present in excess in schizophrenics, which cause nerve cells to fire too rapidly and leads to confusion in thought and speech Psychological problems produce dopamine

29-4 Score: Reverse score 19 Total all trues Results: Normal: 4.40

Results Men: 9.69 Women: 8.56

A disorder in which a person has formed a peculiar or unpleasant personality

The person seems to have no conscience and is in constant conflict with the laws. Sociopath: person with antisocial disorder

Unstable emotion and relationships, dependency, and manipulative, self- destructive behavior.