Science and technology in the environment 14.01 Define terms relating to science and technology and environmental science, natural resources, and conservation

General Terms Organism – any living thing Biological Science – the study of living organisms Cell – the basic building block of life Life span – the period of life of an organism Life process – a function or activity essential for the living condition Living condition – the presence of life processes in an organism Growth – the process of an organism increasing in size. Repair – the replacement of worn or damaged parts. Earth Science – a science the deals with the earth and the area surrounding it Evolution – the process of growth development and change Atmosphere - the air that surrounds the earth.

Basic life processes 14.02 – Describe basic life processes in relation to structures of living organisms.

Cells All organisms are made of cells, similar to a building being made of blocks A cell is the basic building block of life.

Structure Cell wall Cell membrane Nucleus Nucleoli Cytoplasm Rigid cover that gives a cell shape and protects it Cell membrane Thin structure that separates the cell from its surroundings and controls movement of materials in and out of the cell. What adjective describes the membrane? Nucleus Controls cell functions Nucleoli Bodies within the nucleus that contain protein and RNA Cytoplasm Material inside the cell between the cell membrane and nucleus

Animal and Plant Cell

Life span Stages of Life Beginning – when life begins Growing – when young organisms grow quickly by increasing the number and size of cells Maturing – when an organism is fully developed Growth stops except for repair and replacement of cells When reproduction occurs Declining – after maturity, when an organism begins to lose its ability to maintain itself. Also called AGING Dying – when life processes stop. DEATH occurs. Life spans vary. Few minutes or hours to thousands of years, depending on organism.

Life processes Growth and Repair Needed for an organism to mature and remain healthy Assimilation The process of changing food substances into new living material Growth The process of an organism increasing in size Mitosis When cells divide to produce cells for growth and repair Repair The replacement of worn or damaged parts.

Life Processes Food Acquisition and Use All organisms must have food Metabolism – all the chemical reactions in the body Ingestion – process of animals taking in food Digestion – the process that changes food into simpler forms that can be absorbed by the cells Absorption – transfer of nutrients from digestive system to bloodstream Elimination – the removal of an unabsorbed food remain from the body Solid material = feces Liquid material = urine

Life Processes Digestive system types Monogastric Ruminant Stomach with one compartment, needs more concentrated foods Examples: Birds, monkeys, and swine Ruminant Stomach with multiple compartments, has different forms Enables animals to digest roughage Examples Cow, sheep,

Life processes Movement Locomotion Means to change location through an outside factor or to move parts. Locomotion The ability to move from one place to another

Circulation Movement of metabolic material from one location to another in an organism Plants have Vascular systems Xylem conducts water (H2O) and nutrients Phloem conducts food from where it’s made to throughout the plant.

Life processes Respiration Two main functions External respiration Exchange of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) by an organism with its environment, often simply called breathing. Also called mechanical respiration Internal respiration Occurs inside the organism and is the movement of gasses across living tissues by diffusion In animals, it happens in the lungs.

Life processes Secretion Process of releasing substances from a living cell or glands Examples: Tears from eyes Saliva in the mouth

Life processes Sensations The detection of a stimulus by an organism Five senses Sight Hearing Touch Taste Smell Organisms respond to their environment based on information from their sensors.

Life processes Excretion Removal of wastes from a cell or an organism From kidneys = urine From digestive system = feces

Life processes Reproduction Process of forming new individuals Most is by sexual means, involving a male and female

Structures of living organisms Unicellular organisms Carry out life within a single cell

Structures of living organisms Multi-cellular organisms All have many cells. Most have millions of cells Not all cells are alike Cell specialization Cells are different so they can do specific functions Tissue Group of cells that are alike Organs A collection of tissues that work together to perform certain functions Organ Systems Organs working together to perform an activity

Structures of living organisms Animal Structure Made of many cells Can move about Get their food from other sources (heterotrophic) Skeletal System Part of the body made of bones, etc. Two types Vertebrates – animals with backbones Examples: humans, deer Invertebrates – animals without backbones Examples: insects, shrimp, and earthworms.

Structures of living organisms Animal Structure Vital Organ Systems – needed for an animal to live Muscular Nervous Circulatory Respiratory Excretory Digestive Reproductive

Structures of living organism Plant Structure Vegetative parts work together to carry out life processes Roots Anchor plant and take in water and nutrients Stems Support plant and transport material Leaves Make food by photosynthesis Reproduction Sexually – seed formation in the flower Asexually – using a plant part to produce another plant

Scientific classification 14.03 – Classify living things by their scientific name and environmental role

Scientific classification Classified by their similarities and differences System shows the biological relationships and differences of organisms Major divisions or stages are: Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Species Genus Divisions become more specific from kingdom to species

Kingdom All organisms are classified into five kingdoms Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Kingdom monera Monerans Tiny one-celled organisms Prokaryotic, meaning cells lack a nucleus Examples are Bacteria Blue-green algae

Kingdom Protista Protists One-cell organisms More advance than monerans Examples Amoeba Paramecia

Kingdom fungi Fungi More complex than monerans and protists Cannot make their own food, but instead absorb it from their surroundings. Examples Yeast Mildew Mushrooms

Kingdom plantae Plants Many (multi) celled organisms Make their food by photosynthesis Small examples are moss and duckweed Large examples are trees Cells have cell walls

Kingdom Animalia Animals Many multi-celled organisms About a million species Small examples are spiders and wasps Large examples are whales and elephants No cell walls in cells Food is obtained by eating plants and other animals. Can move about (locomotion). Plants cannot move about.

Nomenclature System of names for organisms Binomial nomenclature (two names) Genus (first) and species (second) Written in italics, or underlined Used to prevent confusion with other organisms Used universally Examples Sugar maple is Acer saccharum Blue Spruce is Picea picaungens Cardinal is Cardinalis cardinals Human is Homo sapiens

nomenclature Additional classifications Breed Variety Cultivar A way to separate plants that are similar, but not identical Cultivar Specific group within a species that are different, but will breed true Example Some flowers sometimes come in different colors within the same species Breed Species of animals with easily identifiable characteristics.

Environmental role classification Different roles in the environment by organisms Producer An organism that takes nutrients and energy from non-living sources and makes them into food Autotrophs Plants Consumer An organism that feeds on producers Heterotrophs Animals Decomposer Organism that breaks down the bodies of dead plants and animals Bacteria and mushrooms All consumers are decomposers Examples – buzzards, lions, and squirrels.