DNA Technology and its Applications

Objective  SB2. Students will analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations.  f. Examine the use of DNA technology in forensics, medicine, and agriculture.

We are going to study the following DNA technologies and their real-world applications:  DNA extraction  Recombinant DNA  Gel Electrophoresis  Polymerase Chain Reaction  Gene Sequence Analysis  Cloning  Gene Therapy

DNA EXTRACTION

How is DNA extracted from living things?  In class, we extracted DNA from a banana. Scientists and researchers use more elaborate techniques when extracting DNA  Click on the following link to extract DNA from a human extraction/ extraction/ extraction/

Recombinant DNA & Transgenic Organisms

What is recombinant DNA?  Click on the following link to learn about recombinant DNA:  urces/Applications/GMOpkgJKloseGLamp ard2.swf urces/Applications/GMOpkgJKloseGLamp ard2.swf urces/Applications/GMOpkgJKloseGLamp ard2.swf

Practical applications of recombinant DNA…  Recombinant Vaccines (ie. Hepatitis B)  Prevention and cure of sickle cell anemia  Prevention and cure of cystic fibrosis  Production of clotting factors  Production of insulin  Production of recombinant pharmaceuticals  Germ line and somatic gene therapy

Another Major Application of Recombinant DNA Using the technology of recombinant DNA, we are able to introduce specific genes from one organism into another. A transgenic organism is an organism that has been genetically engineered to contain 1 or more genes

Applications of Transgenic Organisms  Transgenic Livestock  Farm animals that are genetically altered to synthesize marketable proteins.  Mice that urinate human growth hormone (HGH)  Goats that produce the malaria antigen for use in vaccines  Cows that produce a human protein in their milk  Pigs that are genetically altered so their organs can be transplanted into a human without rejection

Applications of Transgenic Organisms  Transgenic Plants  Plants that produce their own insecticides  Crops that have increased drought and heat resistance

Genetic Engineering & GMO

Genetic Engineering is…  The technique of removing, modifying, or adding genes to a DNA molecule in order to change the information it contains. By changing this information, genetic engineering changes the type or amount of proteins an organism is capable of producing, thus enabling it to make new substances or perform new functions.

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)  Often, the label GMO and the term "transgenic" are used to refer to organisms that have acquired novel genes from other organisms by laboratory "gene transfer" methods.

News Worthy  ml ml ml    otechnology/ucm htm otechnology/ucm htm otechnology/ucm htm  mfoods/ mfoods/ mfoods/

Gel Electrophoresis

What is Gel Electrophoresis?  Click on the following link: DNA Interactive to answer questions about gel electrophoresis. DNA InteractiveDNA Interactive

What are the practical applications of gel electrophoresis?  DNA fragments produced by the gel electrophoresis can be used in other technologies like PCR, cloning and DNA sequencing  Or, the DNA fragments can be used by forensic scientists, conservation biologists, taxonomists, evolutionary biologists, etc.

How is gel electrophoresis used by scientists?  Human DNA can be analyzed to  Provide evidence in criminal cases  Diagnose genetic diseases  Solve paternity cases  Samples of DNA can be obtained from tissue and body fluid  Cheek cells  Skin  Hair  Blood  Semen

What are the practical applications of gel electrophoresis?  Conservation biologists use DNA to determine genetic similarity among populations and individuals  Taxonomists use DNA to help distinguish species  Evolutionary biologists use DNA profiles to compare similarities and differences to construct family trees

PCR

What is PCR?  Click on the following link to learn about Polymerase Chain Reactions, make sure you scroll down to see the information… 

What are the practical applications of PCR?  PCR creates high amounts of pure DNA, enabling analysis of DNA samples even from very small amounts of starting material to be used in other DNA technologies.

DNA/Gene Sequencing

What is Gene Sequence Analysis?  Click on the following link to learn about gene sequencing: me/faq/seqfacts.shtml

Applications of DNA Sequencing  Click on the following article review:  icles/31354.aspx icles/31354.aspx icles/31354.aspx  Cost Article #1 (read the whole article) Cost Article #1 Cost Article #1  Baby Sequencing Cost Baby Sequencing Cost Baby Sequencing Cost  DNA Fingerprinting  cles/article/dalyacolumn8.htm/ cles/article/dalyacolumn8.htm/ cles/article/dalyacolumn8.htm/  If you have time, solve a crime:  yze.html yze.html yze.html

Cloning

What is cloning?  Click on the following link to learn about cloning:  whatiscloning/ whatiscloning/ whatiscloning/

What are the practical applications of cloning?  Click on the following link to look at the practical applications of cloning:

Gene Therapy

What is Gene Therapy?  Click on the following link to learn about gene therapy  therapy/gtintro/ therapy/gtintro/ therapy/gtintro/

What are the practical applications of gene therapy?  potential to eliminate and prevent hereditary diseases such as  Cystic fibrosis  hemophilia  heart disease,  AIDS  cancer **There's a fair amount of risk involved in trials of this kind of therapy, and to date, only children who are seriously ill or have illnesses incurable by conventional means have been involved in clinical trials using gene therapy.

Current Events: Connecting DNA Technology to the Real World  Back to our original objective… “Examine the use of DNA technology in forensics, medicine, and agriculture.” You need to find a current event/article/activity that relates to at least one aspect of this question. Use the directions on the next slide to help you find an article. You need to find a current event/article/activity that relates to at least one aspect of this question. Use the directions on the next slide to help you find an article.

Finding an article…  Open up the internet explorer  Go to  Explore an area of genetics in forensics, medicine, or agriculture not covered in this power point and tell me about it.

Other Links  Cloned Meat-FDA   /mar2008/db _ htm /mar2008/db _ htm /mar2008/db _ htm  Is Cloned Meat Safe to Eat?   DNA & Forensics  s/ s/ s/