 “The collective term for various forms of diseases of the heart and blood vessels.”  Examples?  Heart attack, coronary artery disease (CAD), hypertension, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, congestive heart failure, angina

 About 2,200 Americans die every day from CVD.  Remains the #1 killer although death rates have declined 30% since  CVD discriminates  Men more likely to have CVD; women more likely to die  Lower incomes, lower educational levels and specific ethnicities are more likely to develop CVD.

Oregon.gov, 2010

 Heart – consists of four chambers  Two atria – upper chambers  Two ventricles – lower chambers

 RM=IDFRIR&qpvt=heart+anatomy RM=IDFRIR&qpvt=heart+anatomy

 The heart contracts and then relaxes in order to pump the blood.  Contraction = systole  Relaxation = diastole  Blood pressure is read systolic/diastolic  Normal blood pressure: 120/80

 Veins and arteries  Veins carry blood to the heart  Arteries carry blood away from the heart

 Atrial fibrillation  Irregular atrial rhythm  Usually treated with medications  Arrhythmia  Irregular heartbeat  Usually treated with medications  Valve problems:  Stenosis  Incomplete closure  Prolapse  Heart failure  Myocardial infarction

 Chest discomfort  Discomfort in arms, neck, jaw, stomach  Short of breath  Cold sweat  Nausea, vomiting  Lightheadedness, dizziness  Differences between men and women?

 Modifiable  What is the #1 modifiable risk factor?  #2?  Non-modifiable  Age  Gender  Heredity  Where do income level and education fit in??

 Cigarettes, cigars, chew  Nicotine is main, active ingredient  Thought to be the most physically addictive drug.  Amount of nicotine in products has increased 10% between 1998 & 2004.

 Acts as a stimulant  Increases heart rate, blood pressure, alertness, concentration, memory.  May act as mild sedative Decreases anxiety, irritability, mild depression  3 out of 4 smokers want to quit  75% will quit but start again within one year

Source:

 Leading preventable cause of death in U.S.  Causes more deaths every year than HIV, illegal drug use, alcohol use, motor vehicle accidents, suicides and murders combined!  Smokers die an average of 14 years earlier than non- smokers.

Source:

 Regulations Restricting the Sale and Distribution of Cigarettes and Smokeless Tobacco to Protect Children and Adolescents  Restricts sale, distribution, and promotion of tobacco products to make them less accessible to youth.  Law went into effect June 22, 2010  (FDA, 2010)  etteProductWarningLabels/ucm htm etteProductWarningLabels/ucm htm

(Fda.gov, 2011)

(FDA.gov, 2011)

 Thoughts?  Warnings were to appear Sept but…. (FDA.gov, 2011)

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%–14% CDC, 2011

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%–14% CDC, 2011

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% CDC, 2011

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% ≥20% CDC, 2011

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% ≥20% CDC, 2011

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25% CDC, 2011

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30% CDC,2011

  Portion Sizes  Physical Inactivity

(Brownell, 2006)

 Hyperlipidemia  Elevated lipids in the blood  Hypercholesterolemia  High cholesterol (LDLs usually)  Not always due to dietary intake

 Blood supply is somehow cut off to the brain causing brain cells to die.  “Approx. 2 million brain cells die per minute during a stroke aging the brain about 3.5 years each hour.” (Insel & Roth, 2009)  Important to receive prompt treatment upon onset of symptoms.

Source:

 Ischemic: blockage in the blood vessel  80% of strokes are ischemic  Two types of ischemic strokes. Thrombotic – blood clot forms in the brain Embolic – wandering clot travels to the brain  Hemorrhagic – rupture of vessel

 ~700,000 Americans suffer a stroke every year. 1/3 will die.  Strokes may cause permanent damage  Paralysis, speech impairment, memory loss, behavior changes.

Oregon,gov, 2010

 Sudden numbness/weakness of face, arm, leg – especially on one side.  Sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding.  Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes.  Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance/coordination  Sudden severe headache with no known cause.

 “Give me a smile.”  “Hold out your arms”  “Say this for me.”  Get help immediately

 TIA – “ministroke”  Temporary stroke like symptoms  Brief, usually only last a few minutes  No permanent damage occurs  Can be a precursor to a stroke.

 Hypertension: arteries are narrowed, causes heart to pump harder which creates more force against the artery walls.

 “Silent” – usually no symptoms but damage is still occurring.  Can cause damage to almost every organ in the body. Damage is irreversible.  High blood pressure: 140/90 Can have “prehypertension”

 Primary (essential):  90% of all cases  Cause is unknown – probably genetics and environment.  Secondary  10% of cases  Cause is due to medications or other diseases.  Approx. 1/3 of Americans have hypertension.  Risk increases with age.

 If left untreated, carries high mortality risk.  Risk factors:  Family history, race, stress, obesity, tobacco use, aging, high sodium intake  Complications:  Stroke, heart attack, heart failure, hypertensive retinopathy, renal failure

 What does sodium do for you?  Helps maintain fluid balance  Helps transmit nerve impulses  Influences contraction and relaxation of muscles

 Too much sodium  Causes high blood pressure  May lead to fluid retention

 The human body requires about 500 mg of sodium per day, while the average American usually ingests between 2,300-6,900 mg each day.  It is recommended to stay in a range of 1,500 to 2,400 mg / day.

 On food labels:  Monosodium glutamate (MSG)  Baking soda  Baking powder  Disodium phosphate  Sodium alginate  Sodium nitrate or nitrite