Current Research in ICT for Education Dr. Marina Stock McIsaac Professor Emerita, ASU DDTE, Universidade de Aveiro, February, 2007

From ET to ICT ET Educational Technology IT Instructiona l Technology DE Distance Education ICT Information and Communication Technologie s Multimedia Technologies Interactive Technologies ET Educational Technology

ET Educational Technology Educational Technology Educational Technology Media comparison studies (NSD)(Kozma,Clark) Descriptive studies (not transferable) Media studies (Salomon) Primarily quantitative analysis, some statistically flawed (not random assignment, etc.)

Educational Technology Behaviorism in 40’s (Skinner) Taxonomies in 50’s (Bloom) Instructional Objectives in 60’s (Mager) Events of Instruction in 70’s (Gagné) Systematic design in 80’s (Dick & Carey) Problem solving strategies in 90’s(Jonassen) Instructional Technology

Educational Technology Learner needs Instructional process Issues of access Socio-cultural aspects of instruction Roles of teachers, students online Strategies for mediated environments Bernard (2004) Meta-analysis Distance Education

Theoretical Developments 1 Industrial Model (Otto Peters) Guided Didactic Conversation (Holmberg) Independence and Autonomy (Wedemeyer) Transactional Distance (Moore)

Theoretical Developments 2 Control (Garrison) Interaction (Garrison & Shale) Socio-cultural Context of Education (Evans, Nation, McIsaac, Gunawardena) Social Presence (Gunawardena, McIsaac, Tu)

Dimensions of Learning S ICT social cultural interactive distributed situated CoP scaffolded Web2 knowledg e

Dimensions of Learning S ICT social cultural interactive distributed situated CoP scaffolded Web2 knowledg e

Social Constructivism Cultural mediation (Vygotsky) “ Any higher mental function was social at some point before becoming truly mental” Self Efficacy (Bandura) “Accomplishment is socially judged by ill defined criteria so that one has to rely on others to find out how one is doing” Social presence (Short et al.) “The degree to which people feel connected to each other......” Interaction (Moore, Muirhead) “...between learners, learner-teacher, learner-content, learner- interface...”

Research Studies Interaction (Hillman, et al.,McIsaac &Gunawardena, Vrasidas, Vrasidas&McIsaac) improving interaction online increased motivation and attitude Social Presence (Tu, Tu & McIsaac) 3 dimensions were predictors: interactivity, communication, context

Dimensions of Learning S ICT social cultural interactive distributed situated CoP scaffolded Web2 knowledg e

Distributed Cognition “ people think in conjunction and partnership with others and with the help of culturally provided tools and implements ” (Salomon, 1993, p. xiii).

Situated Learning “Situated cognition has emerged as a powerful perspective in providing meaningful learning and promoting the transfer of knowledge to real-life situations.” Choi & Hannafin

Research Studies Distributed cognition (Salomon) “People think in partnership with others and with the help of tools...” material distribution (Pea & Lave) “These tools literally carry intelligence in them...” social distribution (Cole & Engestrom) “Cognitive processing is not an individual matter; cognitive processes are distributed among teacher, pupil, others...” Situated Cognition (Brighton) “..examines reasoning through situated learning and cultural perspectives”

Dimensions of Learning S ICT social cultural interactive distributed situated CoP scaffolded Web2 knowledg e

Communities of Learning CSCL-Computer-supported communities of learning Networked CoP (communities of practice) Scaffolding

Research Studies CSCL (Hakkarainen, Collis) elementary students, business Networked CoP (Xu) social navigation to locate information Scaffolding (Lim, McLoughlin) supported learners in web inquiry

Dimensions of Learning S ICT social cultural interactive distributed situated CoP scaffolded Web2 knowledge

Web2.0 Environments Open Source software (OSS)... Knowledge construction...Tappedin User generated content...Wikis Reflection of conscious thought...Blogs Student centered learning...Podcasts Virtual learning spaces... 2nd Life

Shift in Research Online wisdom communities (Gunawardena)Gunawardena Computer mediation, PBL (Wertsch)Wertsch Social character of knowing (Crook)Crook Collective intelligence (Nash)(Gouardères)NashGouardères

Shift in pedagogies From lecture to conversation From information to knowledge building From memorizing to internalizing, reflecting From teacher-centered to learner- centered From individual to collaborative knowledge

Shift in teaching Facilitate independent learning Integrate learning tools into instruction Synthesize and communicate concepts Teach students to gather information Demonstrate “best technology practices” Collaborate in knowledge networks

Getting Published Select the right journal Use appropriate writing style (APA) Submit only when writing is correct Use journal guidelines Use research structure (introduction, methods, results, discussion) Resubmit