Fire Safety

Fire Heat? Light? Burning? Carbon Monoxide Toxic Smoke Dark Smoke

Fire tetrahedron Oxygen Fuel Heat Chain reaction

Fire triangle Oxygen Fuel Heat 8

Oxygen Surrounding air Oxygen tanks/Piped oxygen lines Oxidizing agents (self-producing) 9

Oxygen AIR OXIDIZING AGENTS (SELF-PRODUCING) COMPRESSED GASSES 10

Fuels Gases Liquids Solids What really burns? 11

Vapors Vapors

Fuels 12

Flammable & Combustible liquids Flammable liquids have a flash point below 100oF Combustible liquids have a flash point above 100oF Note: General Industrial Standard

Heat sources Open flame Hot surfaces Sparks Arcs (electrical energy) Arcs (static electricity) Friction Sun’s heat Compressing gases 13

Fire tetrahedron Fire Triangle plus a chain reaction 8

Chain reaction 14

Chain reaction All areas of the fire tetrahedron must be present for a fire to start. Some examples of no chain reaction: A plug shorting out, producing a spark but not a fire Using alcohol to cook with (in most cases). Dropping a cigarette on the counter top and picking it up. 15

Spontaneous combustion 17

Spontaneous combustion Internal combustion arising with no external energy when all four parts of the tetrahedron are present. All four parts of the fire tetrahedron might not physically appear to be present. Heat is still being produced by a chemical reaction. 16

Flammable limits 3

Thermal transfer Exothermic reaction Conduction Radiant heat Direct Convection 14

Heat transfer Exothermic reaction 15

Heat transfer 1st FIRE 2nd FIRE Conduction 16

Heat transfer Radiant 17

Heat transfer EXIT DIRECT 18

Heat transfer Convection 19

Thermal layering 1300 o F Ceiling HIGH HEAT Breathing MEDIUM HEAT LOW HEAT MEDIUM HEAT HIGH HEAT Breathing Zone 1300 o F 600 o F 90 o F Floor Ceiling 20

Fire phases Incipient The beginning phase of a fire. In this phase, there is no need for special clothing, breathing apparatus, or evasive action. 21

Fire phases Steady state (free burning) The phase of the fire in which both oxygen and fuel are available and the fire is spreading. Hot gases and heated air are moving to the upper portions of the building, and the fire is approximately 1300oF. 22

Fire phases Rollover The process in which the super-heated vapors and gases reach their ignition point and start burning. 23

Fire phases Flashover The phase of fire when everything in an area or room has reached a temperature that gives off vapors. All these vapors ignite at once. 24

Fire phases Backdraft When oxygen is reintroduced (either naturally or through improper ventilation) to the hot smoldering phase, all items ignite at once, causing an explosion. 26

Fire phases Hot smoldering In this phase, the oxygen level has fallen to about 15%. This causes the visible flames to go out and the materials to smolder. This is usually a precondition to backdraft. 25

Extinguishing fires Removing fuel Another method for extinguishing a fire is to remove the source fuel. 28

Extinguishing fires Cooling Using water to absorb the heat of the fire, bringing the fire below its ignition point. 27

Extinguishing fires Removing oxygen Can be accomplished through the use of another gas, such as CO2. 29

Sprinkler heads 8

A SINGLE SPRINKLER HEAD BEING ACTIVATED FOR A SMALL FIRE 9

MORE THAN ONE SPRINKLER HEAD BEING ACTIVATED FOR A LARGE FIRE 10

Fire classes Combustible Material 7

Fire classes Liquids 8

Fire classes Live Electrical Circuits NOTE: After the electricity is disconnected, the class changes to Class A. Live Electrical Circuits 12

Fire classes Metals 13

Fire extinguisher ratings Class A Combustibles Class B Liquids Class C Live Electrical circuits Class D Metal 3

Fire fighting Should I do this or even try? ? ? ? ? 4

How to put a fire out P Pull the safety pin. A Aim the hose or horn at the base of the fire. S Squeeze the carrying handle and the discharge handle together. S Sweep the nozzle from side to side. 8

PULL AIM SQUEEZE SWEEP P A S 9

Priorities in emergency response Self-protection Coworker health and safety Aiding injured coworkers/protecting patients Prevention of property damage 21

When a fire happens Alarm Help patients in immediate danger. Pull Station Code “Red” Room ###” Help patients in immediate danger. Contain as much as possible. Evacuate if necessary. 22

Elements of 29 CFR 1910.38 Means of egress Emergency escape procedures and emergency escape route assignments Procedures to be followed by employees who remain to operate critical plant operations before they evacuate 24

Pre-planning for emergencies 19

Elements of 29 CFR 1910.38 The preferred means of reporting fires and other emergencies Names or regular job titles of persons or departments who can be contacted for further information or explanation of duties under the plan 26