The Muscular System By: Amy Saliba, Vanessa Perez, Diego Saenz, Javier Gonzalez

3 Diseases of The Muscular System Cerebral Palsy is a disorder that impairs a person’s motor function, posture, and balance. It occurs when there is damage to the area of the brain responsible for muscle tone, or the amount of resistance in a muscle. Caused by abnormal development or damage in one or more parts of the brain that control muscle tone and motor activity 3 of the Types of Cerebral Palsy: Spastic hemiplegeia: typically have muscle stiffness on one side of the body Spastic diplegia: lower limbs affected but no affect on upper body Spastic quadriplegia: legs, arms, and limbs affected Cerebral palsy can be managed, but not cured. Therapy, medications, surgeries, assistive technologies and, with caution, some complementary and alternative interventions. Most cases of damage to the brain among cerebral palsy occur among children before they were born, specifically due to: periventricular leukomalacia, abnormal development of the brain, intracranial hemorrhage, and brain damage after birth Symptoms Delays in speech development or difficulty speaking Difficulty with sucking or eating Lack of muscle coordination Tremors or involuntary movements Slow, writhing movements

ALS or Lou Gehrig’s disease is a neurodegenerative disease that attacks motor neurons. As motor neurons become incapacitated, they are unable to reach muscles, which causes motor control function to deteriorate. Doctors don't know what causes Lou Gehrig's disease, and the disease can't be cured. Although doctors can't reverse the progression of Lou Gehrig's disease, advances in treatment mean that many who have the disease live longer than they did in the past. Each year about 5,000 Americans are newly diagnosed with ALS, and about 20,000 Americans have the disease. Although this disease can strike anyone, it is extremely rare in kids. According to the ALS Association, most people who develop Lou Gehrig's disease are adults between 40 and 70. Only 2 out of every 100,000 people will get the disease each year. Because it is not contagious, you can't catch ALS from someone who has the disease. Among ALS cases in the United States, 5% to 10% are hereditary, which means the disease runs in certain families. At least 90% of cases are not inherited. Symptoms Difficulty breathing Difficulty swallowing Head drop due to weakness of the neck muscles Muscle cramps Muscle contractions called fasciculation Muscle weakness that slowly gets worse Paralysis Speech problems, such as a slow or abnormal speech pattern (slurring of words) Voice changes, hoarseness Weight loss Baclofen or diazepam for spasticity that interferes with daily activities Trihexyphenidyl or amitriptyline for people with problems swallowing their own saliva Physical therapy, rehabilitation, use of braces or a wheelchair, or other measures may be needed to help with muscle function and general health.

Myasthenia Gravis is derived from greek and latin and means “grave muscle weakness”. diseases cause impulse receptors in muscle to fail, muscles nerve impulses sent from the brain ineffective. There is no cure just treatment for symptoms. There is no cure for myasthenia gravis, but it is treated with medications and sometimes surgery. You may be put on a drug called pyridostigmine, that increases the amount of acetylcholine available to stimulate the receptors. Prednisone and other immunosuppressant drugs, like azathioprine, cyclosporine, or cyclophosphamide, may be given to slow down the production of anti-acetylcholine antibodies. Symptoms Breathing difficulty because of weakness of the chest wall muscles Chewing or swallowing difficulty, causing frequent gagging, choking, or drooling Difficulty climbing stairs, lifting objects, or rising from a seated position Difficulty talking Drooping head Facial paralysis or weakness of the facial muscles Fatigue Hoarseness or changing voice Double vision Difficulty maintaining steady gaze Eyelid drooping Your nerves communicate with your muscles by releasing chemicals (neurotransmitters) that fit precisely into receptor sites on the muscle cells at the nerve-muscular junction.In myasthenia gravis, your immune system produces antibodies that block or destroy many of your muscles' receptor sites for a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine. With fewer receptor sites available, your muscles receive fewer nerve signals, resulting in weakness Myasthenia gravis occurs in all ethnic groups and both genders. It most commonly affects young adult women (under 40) and older men (over 60), but it can occur at any age.

Careers If you had a disease like Myasenthia Gravis you would go to a neurologist that specializes in neuromuscular conditions. A neurologist is a physician who specializes in neurology, and is trained to investigate, or diagnose and treat neurological disorders. Neuromuscular disorders affect the nerves that control your voluntary muscles. Voluntary muscles are the ones you can control; for example, the ones in your arms and legs. An orthopedic surgeon, is a surgeon who has been educated and trained in the diagnosis and preoperative, operative, and postoperative treatment of diseases and injuries of the musculoskeletal system

Abbreviations & Word Parts Abbreviations ABD- Abduction CTS-Carpal tunnel syndrome EMG-electromyography RICE- rest, ice, compression, elevation RSI-Repetitive stress injuries Word parts Flex/o- bend Muscul/o- muscle -stasis- standing still, standing Sthen/o, -sthenia- strength -therapy- treatment

Function The muscular system in your body is composed of skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle. Skeletal muscle attaches to your skeleton and moves voluntarily or by reflex. Cardiac muscle is the muscle of your heart and contracts involuntarily. Lastly smooth muscle is involuntary and it’s found in your blood vessels, eyes, hair follicles and the walls of hollow organs like your stomach and intestines. The primary function of skeletal muscle is to produce movement, maintain posture, stabilize joints and generate heat to maintain homeostasis. The contraction of the heart muscle (cardiac) is involuntary and controlled by your heart's own electrical system, with and without influence from factors in the blood. The primary function of the abdominal (smooth) muscles and the muscles of your lower back is to help protect your vital organs. They also work with your stomach and intestines to process the food you eat. When a muscle attaches to a bone, the end that does not move is called the origin. The end that moves when the muscle contracts is called the insertion.

Fun Facts There are muscles in the root of your hair that give you goose bumps. It takes 17 muscles to smile and 42 muscles to frown. The hardest working muscle is the eye. The largest muscle in your body is the Gluteus Maximus.

Review Game 1. Where is the Gluteus Maximus located? Your buttocks 2.What is another name for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis? Lou Gehrig’s disease 3.How many types of muscles are there? Name them. Three; smooth, cardiac, skeletal 4.What does the R in R.I.C.E stand for? Rest 5.What do orthopedic doctors specialize in? The musculoskeletal system 6.What are the skeletal muscle’s functions? (Name 2/4) To produce movement, maintain posture, stabilize joints, and generate heat to maintain homeostasis 7.What is the medical word for “bend”? Flex/o 8.What is the primary function of the muscular system? Produces movement **BONUS 1. What’s the largest muscle in your body? The Gluteus Maximus 2. Name any career that is associated with the muscular system. Let’s see!

Review Game Answers Your buttocks Lou Gehrig’s disease Three; smooth, cardiac, skeletal Rest The musculoskeletal system To produce movement, maintain posture, stabilize joints, and generate heat to maintain homeostasis Flex/o Produces movement **Bonus: The Gluteus Maximus Depends