WATER ISSUES IN THE EASTERN EUROPE: Impact Of Climate Change On Water Resources, Vulnerability And Adaptation To Climate Change 5TH WORLD WATER FORUM REGIONAL MEETING July 03-04, 2008, Skopje- MACEDONIA

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION

TÜRKİYE’S DATA Türkiye’s Population : 70,6 million Türkiye’s Surface Area : 78 million ha Rural Population : 29.5 % Urban Population : 70.5 % GNP per Capita : 7957 USD Arable land : 28 million ha Irrigable land : 25,75 million ha Economically irrigable land : 8,5 million ha

WATER POTENTIAL OF TÜRKİYE NEIGHBOUR COUNTRIES 7 Billion m3 ANNUAL PRECIPITATION 501 Billion m3 EVAPORATION 274 Billion m3 SURFACE FLOW 186 Billion m3 193 Billion m3 Infiltration to Aquifers 41 Billion m3 NET 112 Billion m3 Total consumption 40 Billion m3 ANNUAL GROUNDWATER 14 Billion m3 ANNUAL SURFACE WATER 98 Billion m3 GROSS WATER POTENTIAL 234 Billion m3

Türkiye is located in a semi- arid region; precipitation varies according to time and region 2500 mm 250 mm

MAIN SOURCE OF WATER IS PRECIPITATION Precipitation in Türkiye by process of hydrological cycle is quite uneven, Annual mean precipitation in long term is 643 mm, Minimum average in drought period is 525 mm, Maximum average in wet period is 800 mm, Fluctuation from average occurs is about 20% in Türkiye.

TÜRKİYE’S ANNUAL AVAILABLE WATER POTENTIAL IS VARIABLE In wet period : 135 Billion m3 In drought period : 90 Billion m3 Difference : 45 Billion m3 This case indicates 50% fluctuation. It is necessary that water demand in drought period should be satisfied by 50% less than that of wet period.

TÜRKİYE IS NOT A WATER RICH COUNTRY Total Available Water Volume : 112 Billion m3 Türkiye’s Population : 70,6 Million Water Availability Per Capita : 1.600 m3/year These values indicate that Türkiye is regarded as a “water stress” country.

WATER SAVING AND PROTECTION For that reason; To use water cautiously, To avoid using water excessively, To use less water consuming technologies in irrigation and in daily life is important. Besides, it is necessary To avoid polluting scare water resources.

WATER CONSUMPTIONS BY SECTORS Year 2007 Year 2023 Irrigation : 29,5 billion m3 (%74) Irrigation : 72 billion m3 (%64) Domestic : 6,2 billion m3 (%15) Domestic : 18 billion m3 (%16) Industrial : 4,3 billion m3 (%11) Industrial : 22 billion m3 (%20) TOTAL : 40 billion m3 TOTAL : 112 billion m3

USAGE OF WATER POTENTIAL %64 71,5 Billion m3 40,5 Billion m3 %36 In order to harness unused 64% water potential, water storing facilities (Dams) are to be constructed.

IMPORTANCE OF DAMS In Türkiye; Dams are necessary so as to mitigate the impacts of droughts and floods resulted from climate change. The number of Dams constructed according to ICOLD standard is 592. Active storing capacity of dams in operation is 66 billion m3. Atatürk Dam

MANAGEMENT STRATEGY IN WATER RESOURCES Water needs can only be satisfied if water resources are properly managed. To this end, three precautions are significant; Increasing water supply Decreasing water demand Protection water quality

PRECAUTIONS TO INCREASE WATER SUPPLY Increasing water storage capacity Transferring water between basins Increasing forested areas.

WATER STORAGE CAPACITY INCREASE IN WATER STORAGE CAPACITY Since Türkiye is located in semi-arid climate zone, it is vital to consume water in agricultural irrigation for food security and in domestic water supply for sanitation. Therefore, it is essential for water supply in arid periods to increase the number of existing dams and the active storage capacity of the water storage facilities, which is 66 billion m3.

WATER TRANSFER BETWEEN BASINS Drought and global climate change result in changes of precipitation regime of basins. It has been forecasted that the precipitation level may decrease in some basins while increasing in other basins. For that reason, water transfer between basins is crucial.

INCREASE IN FORESTED AREAS Türkiye has launched National Afforestation and Erosion Control Action Plan (2008-2012). Afforestation, rehabilitation of degraded forest in the 2,3 million ha are to be realized by means of this action plan. In this way, it has been targeted to regulate water regime, improve water quality, control erosion, combating desertification and global warming.

DECREASE IN WATER DEMAND Implementation of modern irrigation systems Reduction of water losses in city water distribution network and in irrigation network Water basin management

MODERN IRRIGATION SYSTEMS As of 2003, DSİ policy has been shifted from classical open canal to closed (piped) water distribution networks saving more water

IRRIGATION SYSTEMS Open canal (43%) Canalette (46%) Piped (11%)

IMPLEMENTATION OF MODERN IRRIGATION METHODS Amount of water consumed by means of agricultural irrigation per ha Surface Irrigation 10,000 m3 / ha Sprinkler Irrigation 6,500 m3 / ha Trickle Irrigation 4,000 m3 / ha

REDUCTION OF WATER LOSSES IN CITY WATER DISTRIBUTION AND IN IRRIGATION NETWORK Especially in some cities, water losses should be minimized by means of rehabilitation of old distribution networks. 40% water saving is possible by shifting from classical irrigation to modern irrigation networks.

RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT So as to determine water budget, it is essential to manage the watershed area as a whole, taking into account its surface and ground water resources .

PROTECTION OF WATER QUALITY It is significantly important to protect the quality of water. Waste water sources threaten fresh water resources. Each drop of water used is transformed as waste water. For that reason, reduction amount of water by means of saving also decreases amount of waste water.

NEW TRENDS IN WATER MANAGEMENT Water Management Policies are revised by taking into account in Türkiye;  European Union Approaches  Global and Regional Developments  Sustainability  Present and future needs : - urbanization - industrialization - agricultural production.

NEW TRENDS IN WATER MANAGEMENT In addition to the public sector involvement, private sector is encouraged in realization of water related infrastructure. Besides, the operation, management and renovation of these facilities are transferred to the beneficiaries.

NEW TRENDS IN WATER MANAGEMENT Legal arrangements have been completed so as to develop Türkiye’s renewable energy resources in short time by means of participation of private sector in construction and management of Dam and HEPPs. As a result of these legal arrangements, private companies have applied to realize 1.432 HEPPs having 18.764 MW installed capacity. The total amount of the investment of these projects are above 25 billion US Dollars.

NEW TRENDS IN WATER MANAGEMENT The Operation and Management responsibilities of irrigation networks developed by DSI have been transferred to Water User Organizations. Water User Organizations: 1- Local Authorities 2- Water User Associations 3- Village Authority 4- Groundwater irrigation Cooperatives Operated area by DSI 4% (0,12 million ha) ( 2,9 million ha ) Transferred area 96%

INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS Water Related Integrated projects plays important role in sustainable development of countries. GAP Project in Türkiye and Vardar Valley Development Project in Macedonia are good examples that both countries attaches importance to integrated development projects. Within the scope of these development projects, a number of dams and HEPPs, irrigation networks, and flood control structures will be realized. Atilla bey sunum yapacaksa buradan sonra onun yansıları girebilir.

PRECAUTIONS AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE Policies towards effective use and protection of all natural resources, especially water resources are to be devised and implemented by taking into account vital needs of future generations. This would be the greatest service to human being.

We hope to see you 16-22 Mart 2009 in Istanbul at 5th World Water Forum

THANK YOU