Rich Kolb Engineering Manager Emissions, Regulations, Parts & Accessories Volvo Penta of the Americas 19

Background 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments required the EPA to issue regulations for cleaner burning gasoline After 5 years of regulation - negotiation (RFG) Phase I is required beginning 1/1/95, in 9 metropolitan areas designated ozone “nonattainment zones” (New York, Philadelphia, Hartford, Baltimore, Chicago, Milwaukee, Houston, San Diego, Los Angeles) RFG Phase II required January 1, 2000 21 21

RFG Gasolines Based on the EPA’s simple model are intended to reduce : volatile organic compounds (VOC) air toxic emissions 22 22

RFG Gasoline Limits Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP) Measure of how quickly fuel evaporates Limits the amount of benzene Requires use of oxygenates (amended 2006 to optional) 23 23

RVP Comparison Conventional Phase I Phase II Gasoline RFG RFG Average 8.7 Summer 7.2 Summer 6.8 Summer RVP (PSI) 12.2 Winter 12.2 Winter 12.1 Winter 24 24

Oxygenates Chemical compounds that contain oxygen which are required by EPA regulations in RFG (Amended in 2006 to be optional) Now we are coming to the area of RFG that has the most impact on us marine fuel system engineers - the use of oxygenates. Oxygenates (are) Chemical compounds that contain oxygen which are required by the EPA regulations in RFG 27 27

Oxygenate Substances Ethers Alcohols Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) * Ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE) Tertiary amyl methyl ether (TAME) Di-isopropryl ether (DIPE) Alcohols Ethanol (EtOH) * Tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA) *Most common in use today 28 28

Oxygenates Comparison Conventional Phase I Phase II Gasoline RFG RFG Ave.Vol.% MTBE __ * - 11 ** 11 ** (7.8-15) (7.8-15) EtOH __* 5.7 ** 5.7 ** (4.3-10) (4.3-10) * Some fuels have used oxygenates (in lesser volumes) as octane enhancers especially since the phase out of tetra ethyl lead. ** Combinations of MTBE and EtOH are permissible but cannot exceed 15% volume total 29 29

MTBE Advantages Disadvantages Easily manufactured and blended Compatible with fuel components Low blending RVP Does not need special handling to avoid water contamination Disadvantages most aggressive (Chemically) to elastomers of all the ethers in a neat (pure) state Not eligible for tax credits Has an offensive smell when blended into fuel Ground water hazard 30 30

EtOH (Ethanol) Advantages Disadvantages Eligible for tax credits Less expensive that MTBE Disadvantages Cannot be shipped in typical gasoline pipelines Must be handled in a special manner to avoid water contamination Scavenges water in storage and distribution systems which remains in the fuel blend 31 31

E10 Fuel retrieved from a boat in 2006

E10 Effects on Marine Engines and Fuel Systems Fuel system parts particularly some plastics and elastomers (rubbers) such as seals, o-rings, and hoses may shrink, swell, lose flexibility, lose mechanical strength, and exhibit increased permeation rates when exposed to E10 32 32

Effects of E10 on Traditional Rubber Components 33 33

Automotive Plastic Gas Tank Permeation Comparison Conventional Gasoline Vs. E10 Tank Barrier Conventional RFG Treatment Gasoline ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ NonTreated 10g/day 10g/day Sulfonated 0.2g/day 0.5g/day Coextruded 0.05g/day 0.1g/day 34

E10 Effects on Marine Engines and Fuel Systems Increased tendency to experience water in fuel problems E10 appears to be more affected by having a vacuum drawn on it Boats may need larger fuel tanks to travel the same distance as before due to lower energy content of the fuel 35 35

E10 Effects on Marine Engines and Fuel Systems Fuel storage must be handled more carefully as vapor in the storage vessel (or boat tank) may contain its own oxygen making the mixture flammable at colder temperatures Poorer starting in colder weather may be experienced in the spring season due to lower RVP 36 36

E10 and Engine Manufacturers Using more sophisticated elastomers in the fuel system Using more stainless steel in fuel system components Building in water traps in critical components of the fuel system Adding “water - in fuel” sensors Increasing filtration Increasing vapor handling capacities 37 37

RFG (E10) and Engine Manufacturers Eliminating hoses in the fuel system Using fewer reusable clamps and joints Using preassembled fuel line assemblies Using higher capacity fuel pumps Cooling fuel to hold down vapor 38 38

Future Expectations for Boat Manufacturers More demands from customers and engine manufacturers to provide more reliable fuel systems Increasing use of EtOH in fuels (eventually nationwide) as Congress advances new legislation Similar low pollution diesel fuel blends which will also create its own set of new challenges (biodiesel has similar effects on elastomeric components) 39 39

New Boat Fuel Systems Evaluate those components used in new boat fuel systems. Hoses, anti-siphon values, gauge senders and even gas tanks may be affected adversely by E10. Ask before you buy. Add a water separating fuel filter to your boat fuel system if you don’t already have one. Even the EPA states that it is good idea to equip your boats with a water separating fuel filter 41 41

New Boat Fuel Systems Pay attention to hose diameters, fittings, and lengths to keep restrictions as low as possible. Fuel system restrictions are more critical than ever Eliminate potential leak paths wherever possible 42 42

Existing Boat Fuel Systems Inspect hoses often looking for cracks, sponginess, leakage (wet on surface), stiffness, and loss of clamping force - these are indications of hose deterioration Add a water separating fuel filter if the boat is not so equipped inspect all gasketed areas looking for wicking of fuel Inspect fuel tanks for signs of deterioration Fiberglass – softening , sponginess, leakage Aluminum – corrosion, leakage 43 43

Existing Boat Fuel Systems Use your nose! If you smell vapor find the cause immediately If you are replacing components, make sure they are compatible with E10 Avoid the use of “SNAKE OIL” Fuel additives Use only those stabilizers and fuel system cleaners that are approved by the engine manufacturers At this point, I would like to turn the presentation back to Tom. Thank you for your attention and I would be happy to answer any questions at the end of the program 44 44

Future Expectations Further regulatory requirements centered around spillage and evaporative emissions 40 40

Additional References http://www.nmma.org/government/environmental/?catid=573 http://www.epa.gov/oms/rfgboats.htm