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Defining Race Almost every state with racially discriminatory legislation also established legal definitions of race. It is no accident that the first legal ban on interracial marriage, a 1705 Virginia act, also constituted the first statutory effort to define who was Black. Regulating or criminalizing behavior in racial terms required legal definitions of race…

Legal Definitions of Race Alabama and Arkansas defined anyone with one drop of "Negro" blood as Black; Georgia referred to "ascertainable" non-White blood; Indiana used a one-eighth rule; Kentucky relied on a combination of an "appreciable admixture" of Black ancestry and a one-sixteenth rule…

So How Do We Define Race? Race is a social construction. Racial distinctions are typically made based on visible physical characteristics such as skin color, hair type, and shape of eyes.

Minority (Subordinate) group: A group that occupies an inferior or subordinate position of power, prestige, and privilege, is excluded from full participation in the life of a society; and is the object of discrimination by the majority group

Majority (Dominant) group: A group that occupies a position of superior power, prestige, and privilege and is able to realize its goals and interests even in the face of resistance; a dominant group.

Five Characteristics of a minority group: Minorities are treated unequally by the dominant group. The physical or cultural traits that distinguish minorities are held in low esteem by the dominant group. Minorities tend to feel strong group solidarity because of their physical or cultural traits—and the disabilities these traits entail. Membership in a minority group is not voluntary. By choice or necessity, members of a minority group tend to marry within their group.

Prejudice vs. Discrimination Prejudice involves attitudes, beliefs and feelings about members of a different group. Discrimination involves actual behavior— unfair treatment of members of a group based on their group membership Racism involves the belief that some racial categories are superior/inferior to others. Can you be prejudice without discriminating? Can you discriminate without being prejudice?

Personal vs. Institutional Discrimination Personal discrimination involves individual actions such as avoidance, rejection, harassment, or physical attacks. Institutional discrimination is built into the system by law or by custom often unintentionally

Examples of Institutional Discrimination Jim Crow Indian Boarding Schools English only laws Standardized tests School funding Landfill locations Real estate practices

G1G1 G1G1 G1G1 G2G2 G2G2 G2G2 F1F1 F2F2 F1F1 F1F1 F2F2 F2F2 Cannot cross center line Limited to 2 dribbles Guards are purely defensive Forwards are purely offensive “Girl’s Basketball”

Inequality based on Sex  Sexism System of beliefs that asserts the inferiority of one sex and that justifies gender-based inequality.  Patriarchies – Male-dominated society in which cultural beliefs and values give higher prestige and value to men than to women  Matriarchies – female-dominated societies Rare in contemporary world ©Pine Forge Press, an imprint of Sage Publications, 2008.

Sexual Violence Rape is the most frequently committed, least reported crime (US Dept of Justice, 2001) Rape has been used historically in a variety of ways to control women’s behavior – Examples? Image of rapist – “Psychologically defective stranger” Reality = about 2/3 of rapists are friends, acquaintance, or relatives ©Pine Forge Press, an imprint of Sage Publications, 2008.

Sexual Violence, cont. Takes accountability off of cultural ideology, and focuses on “abnormal” individuals When asked how to stop rape, most people focus on how women should change their behavior Rape is the only crime that requires the victim to provide evidence that they are unwilling Focus remains more on women’s sexuality than men’s coercion. ©Pine Forge Press, an imprint of Sage Publications, 2008.

Biology  The assumption of “biology as destiny” overlooks the fact that the distribution of men and women on most physical and behavioral characteristics generally overlap.  Qualities considered naturally feminine are usually seen as less socially valuable than those considered masculine  In different cultures, the roles that men and women fill can be distinctly different than those in the U.S. ©Pine Forge Press, an imprint of Sage Publications, 2008.