Chapter 1 – Sex, Gender, and Work

 Views on the trend  Gender Equality ◦ Optimistic view ◦ Pessimistic view  What does the glass ceiling entail? ◦ Lower-level management ◦ Underrepresentation on corporate boards ◦ Lower compensation

What can we attribute the differences to? Variation in national culture Definition of the term manager

 Differentiate between sex and gender  Sex differences vs. gender differences ◦ Perception ◦ Relationship between the two  Self-fulfilling prophecy

 Stereotyping  Prejudice  Discrimination

 Primary dimensions ◦ Unchangeable personal characteristics  Sex  Race  Ethnicity  Physical ability/disability  Secondary dimensions ◦ Changeable personal characteristics  Education  Income  Marital Status  Religion

 Group membership visibility ◦ Sex  Changeability ◦ Sexual orientation  Categorization  Self-identity

 In research ◦ Assumption: sex & gender differences are similar across all racial and ethnic groups  Comparing effects of stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination ◦ Oversimplification of complex issues

 What is a bias?  Differentiate between: ◦ Alpha bias ◦ Beta bias

 Personal prejudice  Two-category system ◦ A reinforcement of alpha bias  Popular media

1. When a sex difference is found in an aspect of human behavior, this does not always signify completely polar behaviors between sexes. 2. Sex differences are not necessarily biologically based and they are subject to change.

 Chapter 1 ◦ Analyze transition in sex/work relationships  Chapter 2 ◦ Consider sex and gender work roles in the 20 th century ◦ Effects of historical influences ◦ Current status of women and men in today’s workforce

 Chapter 3 ◦ Effects of sex and gender differences on behavior ◦ Psychological findings on sex differences ◦ Understanding male/female interactions ◦ Gender role expectations and limitations  Chapter 4 ◦ Decision-making on employment relationships ◦ Differences in job search strategies ◦ Sex discrimination in hiring decisions ◦ Recommendations for reducing sex & gender effects on employment

 Chapter 5 ◦ Effects of sex and gender on behavior in teams ◦ Differences of behavior in team composition ◦ Recommendations for team members and leaders  Chapter 6 ◦ Effects of leader preferences and stereotypes ◦ Attitudes toward female leaders ◦ Sex differences in actual leader behavior and effectiveness

 Chapter 7 ◦ Expression of sexuality in the workplace ◦ Sexual harassment and workplace romances ◦ Causes and consequences  Chapter 8 ◦ Balancing work and family ◦ Diversity of family structures ◦ Sex differences in measurement of success  Chapter 9 ◦ Solutions to problems identified in Chapters 1-8

 Optimistic view  Pessimistic view  Glass ceiling  Sex  Gender  Sex differences  Gender differences  Self-fulfilling prophecy  Stereotype  Prejudice  Discrimination  Primary dimensions of diversity  Secondary dimensions of diversity  Bias  Alpha bias  Beta bias  Two-category system