 Motivational Concepts Motivational Concepts  Hunger Hunger  Sexual Motivation Sexual Motivation  The Need to Belong The Need to Belong

 Motivation Motivation

 Instinct (fixed pattern) Instinct  Instincts in animals  Instincts in humans

 Drive-reduction theory Drive-reduction theory  Homeostasis Homeostasis  Need  Drive  Drive reduction

 Drive-reduction theory Drive-reduction theory  Homeostasis Homeostasis  Need  Drive  Drive reduction

 Drive-reduction theory Drive-reduction theory  Homeostasis Homeostasis  Need  Drive  Drive reduction

 Incentive Incentive  Positive and negative

 Arousal  Optimum level of arousal

 Maslow’s hierarchy of needshierarchy of needs  Variations in the hierarchy

A HIERARCHY OF MOTIVES

 Contractions of the stomach  Washburn study

 Glucose Glucose  Insulin  Hypothalamus  Lateral hypothalamus ▪ orexin  Vetromedial hypothalamus

 Appetite hormones  Ghrelin  Obestatin  PYY  Leptin  Set point Set point  Basal metabolic rate Basal metabolic rate

 Taste preferences  Genetic: sweet and salty  Neophobia  Adaptive taste preferences

 Eating disorders  Anorexia nervosa Anorexia nervosa  Bulimia nervosa Bulimia nervosa  Binge-eating disorder Binge-eating disorder

LEVELS OF ANALYSIS FOR OUR HUNGER MOTIVATION

 Historical explanations for obesity  Obesity  Definition  Statistics  Obesity and life expectancy

OBESITY

 Social effects of obesity  Weight discrimination  Psychological effects of obesity

WEIGHT DISCRIMINATION

 Fat Cells

 Set point and metabolism

 The genetic factor  The food and activity factor  Sleep loss  Social influence  Food consumption and activity level

 Realistic and moderate goals  Success stories  Attitudinal changes

 Sexual response cycle Sexual response cycle  Excitement phase  Plateau phase  Orgasm  Resolution phase ▪ Refractory period Refractory period

 Effects of hormones  Development of sexual characteristics  Activate sexual behavior  Estrogen Estrogen  Testosterone Testosterone

 External stimuli  Imagined stimuli  Dreams  Sexual fantasies

LEVELS OF ANALYSIS FOR SEXUAL MOTIVATION

 Ignorance  Minimal communication about birth control  Guilt related to sexual activity  Alcohol use  Mass media norms of unprotected promiscuity

 Statistics of STIs  Teen abstinence  High intelligence  Religious engagement  Father presence  Participation in service learning programs

 Sexual orientation Sexual orientation  Homosexual orientation  Heterosexual orientation  Sexual orientation statistics

 Origins of sexual orientation studies  Fraternal birth order effect

 The “Kinsey Report”  Myths and Facts

 Same-sex attraction in animals  The brain and sexual orientation  Genes and sexual orientation  Prenatal hormones and sexual orientation

 Aiding survival  Wanting to belong

 Sustaining relationships  The pain of ostracism  ostracism