AP Psychology : Motivation

Motivation Motivation – an internal state that activates behavior and directs it toward a goal.

Social Motives Opening Activity: A recent study indicated that 70 percent of high school students and 56 percent of middle school students have cheated on an exam in the past year. What do you think is the primary motivation for cheating in high school? Explain your answer.

Motivation Types Motivation Drives versus motives

Motivation Types Motivation Drives versus motives Intrinsic motivation Extrinsic motivation

Theories of Motivation Instinct theory (inherited) Fixed action patterns Theoretical problems

Theories of Motivation Drive-Reduction Theory (biological) Biological needs Homeostasis Theoretical problems

Theories of Motivation Cognitive theory (mind) Social learning theory Julian Rotter Locus of control Internal locus Self- efficacy External locus

Theories of Motivation Psychodynamic Theory (Freud) Sex drive (eros) Death drive (thanatos)

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Discussion: Imagine you and your friends are stranded on a deserted island. The island is in the northern Atlantic, and it is September. There are no other people, buildings, electricity on the island; however, there is vegetation and some small game animals. List the first several steps that you would take to secure your groups survival on the island.

Theories of Motivation Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (humanistic)

A Hierarchy of Motives

A Hierarchy of Motives

A Hierarchy of Motives

A Hierarchy of Motives

A Hierarchy of Motives

A Hierarchy of Motives

A Hierarchy of Motives

Theories of Motivation Reflection: Which theory of motivation best describes your motivation to go to college? Explain your answer.

Theories of Motivation In scoring, responses placed before items 2, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, and 14 should be reversed (6 = 1, 5 = 2, 4 = 3, 3 = 4, 2 = 5, 1 = 6) and then added to the responses before the rest of the items. Total scores can range from 15 to 90. College students have a mean score of about 60.

Theories of Motivation A gender difference in the scores approached significance, with females scoring slightly higher than males. Factor analysis identified at least four factors measured by the scale: autonomy, self-acceptance, acceptance of emotions, and trust and responsibility in interpersonal relations.

Theories of Motivation The index was also correlated with other scales. According to these other scales, high scorers on the index tend to live in the present, rather than in the past with guilt and regret or in the future with over idealized goals and fears. High scorers also tend to be inner-directed, extraverted, and rational in their thoughts and behaviors.

Theories of Motivation Opening Activity: Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Theories of Motivation Achievement Motivation Psychological motive Operates at a conscious level Affected by culture Individualist versus collectivist

Theories of Motivation Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Murray & McClelland Measures themes of story n Ach score Characteristics of high scores Persistence Higher IQ’s Leadership More successful and competitive

Theories of Motivation Hunger Motivation Multi-System Approach Hypothalamus

Theories of Motivation Hunger Motivation Multi-System Approach Hypothalamus Set point Sweet & high fat foods

Theories of Motivation Hunger Motivation Multi-System Approach Hypothalamus Set point Sweet & high fat foods Fat cells

Theories of Motivation Hunger Motivation Multi-System Approach Hypothalamus Set point Sweet & high fat foods Fat cells Other triggers and environmental cues (group discussion)

Weight Discrimination

Theories of Motivation Eating disorders Anorexia nervosa Bulimia nervosa Environmental and biological

Theories of Motivation Human Sexuality Alfred Kinsey (video clip) Masters and Johnson

Theories of Motivation Human Sexuality Alfred Kinsey (video clip) Masers and Johnson

Theories of Motivation Human Sexuality Alfred Kinsey (video clip) Masters and Johnson Testosterone Sexual cues Sexual scripts

Theories of Motivation

Theories of Motivation

Theories of Motivation The Stress Response Stress versus stressor Primitive stressors Starvation Exposure Mortal attack “fight or flight” Limbic system Amygdala and Hypothalamus “tend or befriend”

Theories of Motivation Traumatic stressors Catastrophe Five stages Psychic numbness Automatic action Communal effort Letdown Recovery Posttraumatic Stress (PTSD)

Theories of Motivation General Adaption Syndrome (Hans Selye’s) Three Stages Alarm reaction Resistance Exhaustion

Theories of Motivation Stress and the immune system Type A = competitive, impatient, perfectionist Type B = Relaxed approach Learned helplessness