The promotion of equal rights, opportunities, and privileges for women Wide and varied sub-sets Extends to theoretical and philosophical fields

A monolithic philosophy Hatred of men An attempt to replace patriarchy with an oppressive matriarchy

Gender vs. Sex Patriarchy Misogyny / Misandry Androcentrism Gay, Lesbian, Transsexual, Queer, Bisexual Cis-sexual, intersex, heteronormativity

Retroactively named by Second Wave feminists Early 19 th and 20 th century Primarily fought against overt legal discrimination Ended with the passage of the 19 th amendment in 1920 The suffrage movement

Solidified the movement and philosophy of feminism Attacked social and cultural inequalities instead of legal ones Simone de Beauvoir introduces the idea of women as an “other” Equal Pay Act, Title VII, Roe V. Wade, marital rape laws. Equal rights amendment fails Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique

Backlash against exclusivity What does it mean to be female? Some felt second wave focused too much on white, upper class women Colloquially referred to as the “Feminist sex wars” Debate over pornography and sex work

Focuses more on inclusivity and perception of women Criticized for lacking clear goals and motivation Rejects the essentialist views of the Second Wave Promotes sex positivism and more postmodern conceptions of gender and sex

Andrea Dworkin Antiporn activist, highly controversial author bell hooks Examined the role of black women in feminism Gloria Steinem Feminist activist, founder of Ms magazine Judith Butler Gender, sex and sexuality are all performative

All individuals are interdependent Relative power and privilege should be considered in moral choices Caring and other feminine virtues are devalued in modern society Seeks to elevate caretaking in society Carol Gilligan

There are many kind of discrimination Each person experiences different forms of discrimination You can’t understand the experiences of women without taking racism/classism/heterosexism into account You’re not a feminist if you hate blacks or gays

Turns out not all women are upper/middle class white people Black women had/have fundamentally different experience than most mainstream feminists Mainstream feminism ignores the struggles of black women

Criticized by mainstream feminism for overemphasizing the plight of black men and the nuclear family Focuses on community, with strong theological elements Alice Walker Offshoot of black feminism

Gender is inherently a social construct Constantly evolving, shifting theory Highly deconstructionist Identity based philosophy, also criticizes identity

Domination of women and nature are interconnected Coined by Francois d’Eaubonne Criticizes modern conceptions of science as masculine and destructive Dichotomies are inherent to current systems and should be rejected

Root of women’s oppression is capitalism Gender is a form of class warfare Traditional gender roles, sex work etc Fixing capitalism will also solve patriarchy

Proposes a feminist epistemology Women have different knowledge than men This can be used to deconstruct and examine patriarchy Criticized for generalizing the experiences of women

International relations can be understood through gender Domination, aggression and discipline viewed as IR traits derived from masculine influences Role of women in IR Cynthia Enloe, Banannas, Beaches, and Bases