26-28 July 2011 JW Mariott Hotel Bangkok, Thailand Workshop on Water Resources Demand Management Learning Forum for Irrigation 26-28 July 2011 JW Mariott Hotel Bangkok, Thailand

Workshop Problems Action/Project/Lessons Learned Suggestions/Recommendations/ Action Plan Cooperation among AMS

Problems & Challenges – Cambodia (1) Inadequate legislation framework Institutional capacity building remain limited at both national and provincial levels Institutional structure and arrangement: limited coordination among water-related institutions

Problems & Challenges – Cambodia (2) Unplanned urban and industrial development Water resource management is not undertaken in an integrated manner

Problems & Challenges – Indonesia (1) Land acquisition Land use change from irrigation to residential area (around 35.000 Ha/year) Farmers’ preferrences to plant palm tree than paddy Operation and maintenance (fund, man power, discipline, etc.)

Problems & Challenges – Indonesia (2) Natural disaster (i.e. Eruption of Merapi Mountain which destroyed + 10,000 Ha) Catchment area degradation Availability of land and water are the main constraints

Problems & Challenges – Lao PDR Conduciveness of the business environment in irrigated agriculture market and trade technology application, and infrastructure development and management. Effectiveness of public management

Problems & Challenges – Malaysia (1) To provide appropriate irrigation system and infrastructures to meet demand management requirement Small size, irregular shape and unlevel paddy fields in most paddy areas To get farmers cooperation to practice efficient water management at tertiary level

Problem & Challenges – Malaysia (2) Provision of government annual budget for O&M of irrigation scheme to support State Government Develop seed variety that are more resistant to water stress and shorter growth duration - use less water

Problems - Myanmar Weakness of Water User Groups (WUGs) Low canal efficiency Lack of Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) concept

Problem & Challenges - Philippines Management Challenges Diminishing Water Supply Balding Irrigation Watersheds Ineffective Hydraulic Regulation

Problems & Challenges – Thailand Limitation of new water resources development Increasing water demand (79,685 MCM in 2014 or 4.08% increase of the total water demand

Problems & Challenges - Vietnam (1) Lack of awareness of the importance of water resources management in sustainable development Conflicts between protection of water resources and water supply, water security for development Incomplete legal system for water resources management; Inadequate organisation and management capacity in water resources; Lack of mechanisms and policies, especially economic and financial policies in water resources; Inadequate and inaccurate information and data on water resources and constraints on information sharing

Problems & Challenges - Vietnam (2) Unbalance between economic development and water resources protection; Lack of attention to the importance of ensuring environmental flows and of water ecosystem protection when developing physical structures on rivers; Polluted water can contaminate rivers, lakes and wetlands; Removal of mangrove forests and concrete lining of the banks of river and lakes is impacting on the flora cover in the basin and reducing the self-cleaning functions and natural processes of rivers; Inappropriate exploitation of minerals and other land-based activities in and along our rivers seriously change the living environment for many species of flora and fauna

Problems & Challenges - Vietnam (3) The uneven distribution of the river network, uneven rainfall, prolonged dry seasons resulting in water supply problems in many areas; Quantity and quality of the surface water depends on the use of water in the upstream countries; Inadequate infrastructure for water supply and management; High speed of urbanisation, industrialisation and intensification of agriculture; Lack of institutional capacity

Problems & Challenges - Vietnam (4) The shifting of responsibilities for water resources management to MONRE from other ministries is not yet completed; The institutional changes on national level are not yet completed on provincial and lower levels. Newly founded institutions for water resources management such as the provincial Departments of Natural Resources and Environment; The capacity of institutions on all levels to monitor, control and sanction water use, land use or water pollution remains weak

Technical Needs (1) Cambodia: Capacity building for govt. officials at both national and provincial level Law enforcement Myanmar: Technical Assistance Required Dissemination of PIM concept New irrigation methods

Technical Needs (2) Philippines Irrigation Modernization Piloting Technical Capability Enhancement Irrigation Statistics Validation

Technical Needs (3) Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia

Financial Needs (1) Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia

Financial Needs (2) Myanmar: Finance Assistance Required Canal lining On-farm level investment Machineries

LESSON LEARNED – Cambodia (1) ADB and AFD Funding Projects Key indicators to assess quality of the water management organization i) the institutional link between the management body, users, and local authorities ii ) presence/absence of an operation plan iii) presence/absence of a maintenance plan iv) gap between theoretical operation and/or maintenance plan s and reality v) presence/absence of rules and regulations and the capacity of the management body to enforce them

LESSON LEARNED – Cambodia (2) Two major challenges for irrigation management bodies a) remaintenance and b) internal rules and regulations.

LESSON LEARNED – Cambodia (3) FWUC capacity building requires time, so that leaders and users capacity can be increased. Skills that need to be developed by FWUC leaders relates to: 1) irrigation scheme operation capacity (how to control water, share it amongst users with equity), 2) maintenance capacity (what job should be done and when, how to make a contract with an entrepreneur, how to control the quality of the maintenance work)

LESSON LEARNED – Cambodia (4) FWUC capacity building 3) accounting capacity (how to keep clear accounts of fee collection and expenditures) 4 ) financing capacity (how to build the fee amount, how to collect a good rate) 5) enforcement capacity (what and how to enforce)

LESSON LEARNED – Indonesia (1) Pressures in irrigation come from population growth, water availability, land availability, etc. Comprehensive approach is needed to solve the problems, including demand management

LESSON LEARNED – Indonesia (2) Measures in Demand Management can be form of introducing a new plantation method i.e. SRI, applying clusters plantation, empowering water user association/farmers, etc. It is necessary to control population growth since population affect the most to water sector and irrigation.

LESSON LEARNED –Lao PDR Establishing Water User Organization (WUO) in community to manage irrigation efficiently and accept responsibility for repairs, upkeep, maintenance, and also capital replacement under Irrigation Management Transfer (IMT) agreements, irrigation policy and implementation has not been successful. Communities are not able to manage asset sustainably. Irrigation schemes are not well maintained and water user organization is very weak.

LESSON LEARNED – Malaysia (1) Proper irrigation scheduling can result in significant savings in irrigation time, labour, energy, and water. By carefully managing the amount of water applied, leaching of nutrients and erosion can be reduced. No single agency entrusted with the overall planning and management of water. There is a need for one agency to pursue a more effective water management.

LESSON LEARNED – Malaysia (2) Lack of people awareness on WDM issues and the greater lack of trained personnel equipped with the necessary skills and knowledge on WDM Recycling drainage water for irrigation Reduce conveyance losses through canal lining and pipeline network.

LESSON LEARNED – Myanmar (1) Active cooperation between farmers and Irrigation Department Appropriate cropping pattern with water rotation system Wide area cultivation in area continuously

LESSON LEARNED – Myanmar (2) Land consolidation Farmers, organizers and supply side’s cooperation More on-farm water management trainings for farmers

LESSON LEARNED – Philippines (1)

LESSON LEARNED – Singapore (1)

LESSON LEARNED – Thailand (1)

LESSON LEARNED – Vietnam (1)

BEST PRACTICES Malaysia: Telemetry system to Muda area for managing water demand Information (rainfall/water level) to priorities on the effective and optimum usage of water resources, Information (water level/gate opening) for decision on water distribution

Best Practices - Singapore Having larger, deeper and interconnected ponds to increase storage capacity Adopt flexible irrigation schedule to save water by adjusting with the weather conditions. For example, do not irrigate just after rain Irrigate in the early morning or late evening (between 4 - 7 am or 6 - 9 pm) to minimise evaporation losses and train workers to understand site conditions Use drought tolerant turf species such as Bermuda and Zoysia grass Fairway &Tee box Green Rough Zoysia matrella Bermuda tifdwarf Seashore tascalum Serangoon grass Axonopus compressus Cow grass Zoysia

Best Practices - Singapore Apply wetting agent to promote retention of moisture in the turf Prevent over irrigation which can cause excessive growth and plant diseases Design sprinklers to provide uniform water distribution and by having overlapping coverage to promote healthy turf grass. The most common and efficient sprinkler spacing is Head-to-Head whereby sprinklers are spaced at their radii Automatic irrigation system with central control and weather station is one of the most efficient and effective irrigation system

Vegetable Farms Best practices - Singapore Ponds are sized adequately so that there is sufficient irrigation water even during dry weather Internal filter system to prevent clogging of sprinkler heads Some have pipes underneath soil to channel excess ground water back to pond Overhead micro sprinklers are used instead of drop irrigation because machines or humans are required to till the land after harvest. No potable water is used for irrigation because if not cost effective. 40

Best practices - Singapore Most farms using overhead mist irrigation system to ensure good coverage and easier absorption by plants. This helps to cool temperature as well. Irrigation only carried out on a need basis, average once/day for 10 minutes No irrigation is done on rainy days. Depending on soil moisture, there can be no irrigation for 2-3 days after heavy rain Overhead micro sprinklers are used instead of drop irrigation because machines or humans are required to till the land after harvest 1 solution to cure rhizonia is to spray fungicide. 41

Best practices - Singapore Farmers do not overwater because fear of drowning and diseases such as Rhizonia Usually covered with special type of translucent netting to allow sufficient sunlight penetration while protecting plants from excessive rain. Overhead micro sprinklers are used instead of drop irrigation because machines or humans are required to till the land after harvest 42

BEST PRACTICES Thailand: Increase water use efficiency through irrigation system operation and maintenance, improvement and modernization, cost recovery/sharing, and changing cropping patterns

Action – Indonesia Optimizing the existing water infrastructures/irrigation with prioritization, i.e. proper O&M, Rehabilitation, upgrading and construction of new irrigation networks Plantation arrangement including empowerment of water user associations Participatory approach and decentralization

Action Planning – Myanmar (1) New demand initiatives Extension of new agricultural lands Increase of irrigated farmlands Extension of urban areas Increase of industrial zones Village-wise small tanks in Central Dry Zone (CDZ) Transbasin water diversion projects On-farm water management farmers’ training

Action Planning – Myanmar (2) Poverty reduction and farmer motivation for more investment and technical know-how. Allow the cultivation of cash crops in irrigated areas Promotion of well-organized Water User Groups Promotion of farmers’ training Inviting participation from inside the country and abroad

Action – Thailand (1) Industry Sector: the 3 R principle (reduce reuse and recycle ) was applied in some places.

Action – Thailand (2) Water Efficiency for Agriculture To introduce crops and less water-consuming cultivation To apply concrete lining for irrigation system To promote drip irrigation To use treated water for irrigation

Action – Thailand (3) Water Efficiency for Agriculture Support technology to increase water efficiency, e.g. change in cropping pattern or research on less water-consuming crops To limit amount of water in case of water scarcity

Action – Vietnam (1) Develop a uniform way of water management in all fields based on a river-basin approach. Allow a shift in policies from supply-focused to demand-focused approach for the irrigation sector; Strengthen the policy and institutional framework for water demand management; Improve compliance and enforcement and deepen public participation and involvement; Expand and diversify investment in infrastructure for irrigation

Action – Vietnam (2) Reflect the nature of water service products more effectively. Allow the (re)implementation of fees, duties and tax policies. Reflect the real costs of a water unit in order to ensure the security and sustainability of water services. Promote more proactive engagement in regional riparian cooperation and improving information management, Complete separation of the water management and service functions to support further decentralization of management authorities

STRATEGIES & PRIORITY Strategies Priority

ACTIVITIES & PRIORITY Activities Priority

PLAN OF ACTION Plan Priority

PLAN OF ACTION Plan Priority

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