Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease 11th edition Chapter 7 The Skeleton: Bones and Joints

The Skeleton Skeletal system is made up of bones, joints, and supporting connective tissue

Bones Several functions To serve as a firm framework for the body To protect delicate structures such as the brain and spinal cord To work as levers to produce movement To store calcium salts To produce blood cells

Bone Structure Types of bone (osseous) tissue Compact bone Spongy (cancellous) bone Bone marrow Red marrow Yellow marrow Bone membranes Periosteum Endosteum

The skeleton.

The structure of a long bone.

Compact bone tissue.

Checkpoint 7-1: A long bone has a long narrow shaft and two irregular ends. What are the scientific names for the shaft and the ends of a long bone? Checkpoint 7-2: What are the two types of osseus (bone) tissue and where is each type found?

Bone Growth and Repair Types of bone cells Osteoblasts manufacture the matrix Osteocytes maintain and repair existing bone matrix Osteoclasts resorb bone tissue Ossification is conversion of cartilage to bone

Checkpoint 7-3: What are the three types of cells found in bone and what is the role of each?

Question: Which of these is a bone-building cell. a. osteoblast b Question: Which of these is a bone-building cell? a. osteoblast b. osteoclast c. osteocyte

Answer: a. osteoblast

Formation of a Long Bone Cartilage begins to turn into bone Epiphyseal plates develop across bone ends Bones continue to lengthen Bones stop lengthening Bone resorption and formation continues

Checkpoint 7-4: As the embryonic skeleton is converted from cartilage to bone, the intercellular matrix becomes hardened. What compounds are deposited in the matrix to harden it? Checkpoint 7-5: After birth, long bones continue to grow in length at secondary centers. What are these centers called?

Bone Markings Distinguishing features Projections Head Process Condyle Crest Spine Depressions or holes Foramen Sinus Fossa Meatus

Checkpoint 7-6: Bones have a number of projections, depressions, and holes. What are some functions of these markings?

Bones of the Axial Skeleton Two main groups of bones Axial skeleton—80 bones of the head and trunk Appendicular skeleton—126 bones of the extremities

Framework of the Skull Cranial bones Facial bones Infant skull

Framework of the Skull, cont’d Cranial bones Frontal Parietal Temporal Ethmoid Sphenoid Occipital

Framework of the Skull, cont’d Facial bones Mandible Maxillae Zygomatic Nasal Lacrimal Vomer Palatine Inferior nasal conchae Ossicle Hyoid

Framework of the Skull, cont’d Infant skull Anterior fontanel

Question: What bones make up the “cheekbones”. a. sphenoid bones b Question: What bones make up the “cheekbones”? a. sphenoid bones b. conchae c. zygomatic bones

Answer: c. zygomatic bones

The skull. ZOOMING IN • What type of joint is between bones of the skull?

The skull, inferior view. ZOOMING IN • What two bones make up each side of the hard palate?

Floor of cranium, superior view. ZOOMING IN • What is a foramen?

The skull, sagittal section.

Infant skull, showing fontanels. ZOOMING IN • Which is the largest fontanel?

Framework of the Trunk Vertebral column Cervical vertebrae Thoracic vertebrae Lumbar vertebrae Sacral vertebrae (sacrum) Coccygeal vertebrae (coccyx) Thorax Sternum Ribs True ribs False ribs Manubrium Clavicular notch Sternal angle Xiphoid process

Vertebral column, left lateral view. ZOOMING IN • From an anterior view, which group(s) of vertebrae form a convex curve? • Which group(s) form a concave curve?

The vertebral column and vertebrae

The first two cervical vertebrae.

Bones of the thorax, anterior view. ZOOMING IN • To what bones do the costal cartilages attach?

Checkpoint 7-7: The axial skeleton consists of the bones of the skull and the trunk. What bones make up the skeleton of the trunk? Checkpoint 7-8: What are the five regions of the vertebral column?

Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton Two divisions Upper Lower

The Upper Division of the Appendicular Skeleton The shoulder girdle Clavicle (collarbone) Scapula (shoulder blade) Supraspinous fossa and infraspinous fossa Acromion Glenoid cavity Coracoid process

The Upper Division of the Appendicular Skeleton, cont’d The upper extremity Humerus (arm bone) Medial and lateral epicondyles Trochlea Ulna and radius (forearm bones) Distal projection (styloid process) Olecranon Trochlear notch (semilunar notch) Carpal bones Metacarpal bones Phalanges (finger bones)

Question: Where is the olecranon. a. On the proximal end of the ulna b Question: Where is the olecranon? a. On the proximal end of the ulna b. On the proximal end of the humerus c. On the distal end of the radius

Answer: a. On the proximal end of the ulna

The shoulder girdle and scapula. ZOOMING IN • What does the prefix supra mean? • What does the prefix infra mean?

Question: What is the anatomic term for fingers and toes. a. tarsals b Question: What is the anatomic term for fingers and toes? a. tarsals b. phalanges c. carpals

Answer: b. phalanges

The Lower Division of the Appendicular Skeleton The pelvic bones Ilium Iliac crest Anterior superior iliac spine Ischium Ischial spine Ischial tuberosity Pubis Pubic symphysis Acetabulum Obturator foramen Ossa coxae

The pelvic bones. ZOOMING IN • What bone is nicknamed the “sit bone”?

Comparison of male and female pelvis, anterior view.

The Lower Division of the Appendicular Skeleton, cont’ d The lower extremity Femur Greater trochanter Lesser trochanter Linea aspera Patella Tibia (shin bone) Medial malleolus Fibula Lateral malleolus Tarsal bones Calcaneus (heel bone) Metatarsal bones Phalanges

The right femur (thigh bone).

Tibia and fibula of the right leg. ZOOMING IN • What is the medial bone of the leg?

Checkpoint 7-9: What division of the skeleton consists of the bones of the shoulder girdle, hip, and extremities?

Disorders of Bone Metabolic diseases Tumors Infections Structural problems

Metabolic Disorders Characterized by a lack of normal bone formation or excess loss of bone tissue Osteoporosis Osteopenia Paget’s disease (osteitis deformans) Osteomalacia (in children, rickets)

Tumors Two types found in bone tissue Benign Malignant Osteosarcomas Chondrosarcomas

Infection Two types found in bone tissue Osteomyelitis Inflammation of the bone caused by pyogenic bacteria Tuberculosis Pott disease (tuberculosis of the spine)

Structural Disorders Curvatures of the spine Kyphosis (hunchback) Lordosis (swayback) Scoliosis Cleft palate Flatfoot

Fractures Types of fractures Closed Open Greenstick Impacted Comminuted Spiral Transverse Oblique

Question: This type of bone fracture, in which one side of the bone is bent, the other broken, is most common in children. What is it? a. comminuted b. spiral c. greenstick

Answer: c. greenstick

Skeletal Changes in the Aging Bones undergo significant changes Loss of calcium salts Decrease in protein Reduction in collagen Loss of height Decrease in chest diameter

The Joints Classified by material between adjoining bones and by degree of movement permitted Fibrous Synarthrosis (immovable) Cartilaginous Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable) Synovial Diarthrosis (freely movable)

Checkpoint 7-10: What are the three types of joints classified according to the type of material between the adjoining bones?

More About Synovial Joints Bones are joined by other structures in synovial joints Ligaments Joint capsule Hyaline (articular) cartilage Medial meniscus and lateral meniscus Fat Bursae

Structure of a synovial joint.

Types of Synovial Joints Classified by types of movement they allow Gliding Hinge Pivot Condyloid Saddle Ball-and-socket

Question: What type of joint is your elbow. a. hinge joint b Question: What type of joint is your elbow? a. hinge joint b. ball-and-socket joint c. saddle joint

Answer: a. hinge joint

Movement at Synovial Joints Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Circumduction Rotation Movements characteristic of forearm and ankle Supination Pronation Inversion Eversion Dorsiflexion Plantar flexion

Question: Doing “Jumping Jacks” exercises is a perfect example of what synovial joint movement(s)? a. flexion/extension b. abduction/adduction c. inversion/eversion

Answer: b. abduction/adduction

Checkpoint 7-11: What is the most freely movable type of joint?

Disorders of Joints Mechanical disorders Dislocation Sprain Herniated disk Arthritis Osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease [DJD]) Rheumatoid arthritis Septic (infectious) arthritis Gout Backache Vertebrae diseases Intervertebral disk disorders Supporting structure abnormalities Abdominopelvic disorders Lumbosacral joint strains

Arthroscopic examination of the knee.

Checkpoint 7-12: What is the most common type of joint disorder?

End of Presentation