13a13g 13b13h 13c13i 13d13j 13e13k 13f13l Property of Minooka Community High School

 A sentence is a word group that contains a subject and a verb that expresses a complete thought. EX: The magazine’s essay contest for tenth- grade American history students ends Tuesday.

 A sentence fragment is a word or word group that is capitalized and punctuated as a sentence but that does not contain both a subject and a verb or that does not express a complete thought. EX: Was chosen as the best one from over two thousand entries. EX: When the judges announced the winner.

 Sentences consist of two basic parts: subjects and predicates.  Subjects tell whom or what the sentence or clause is about.  Predicates tell something about the subject.

SUBJECTSPREDICATES Some residents of the desertcan survive a long drought. PREDICATESSUBJECTS Particularly noteworthy isthe Australian frog.

 The main word or word group that tells whom or what the sentence is about is called the simple subject.  The complete subject consists of the simple subject and any words or word groups that modify the simple subject.

 EX: A dog with this pedigree is usually nervous.  Complete subject: A dog with this pedigree  Simple subject: dog

 EX: Both of these cockatiels are for sale.  Complete subject: Both of these cockatiels  Simple subject: Both

 The simple predicate, or verb, is the main word or word group that tells something about the subject.  The complete predicate consists of the verb and all the words that modify the verb and complete its meaning.

 EX: Spiders snare their prey in intricate webs.  Complete predicate: snare their prey in intricate webs  Simple predicate: snare

 EX: Rosa has been looking for you all morning.  Complete predicate: has been looking for you all morning.  Simple predicate: has been looking

 Commonly used helping verbs: AMDIDHASMIGHTWAS AREDOHAVEMUSTWERE CANDOESISSHALLWILL COULDHADMAYSHOULDWOULD

 The subject of a verb is NEVER in a prepositional phrase.  A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition, the object of the preposition, and any modifiers of that object. EX: for the teamthrough the years EX: on the top shelfat all times

 DO NOT mistake a noun or pronoun in a prepositional phrase for the subject of the sentence.  EX: One of my cousins has visited Ghana. [Who has visited? One has visited]  EX: On top of the building is an up-to- date observatory. [What is?]

 The word here or there may begin a sentence, but it is almost never the subject. Often there or here is used as an adverb telling where. EX: There are your gloves. [What are? Gloves are. Gloves is the subject. There tells where your gloves are.]

 Questions usually begin with a verb, a helping verb, or a words such as what, when, where, how, or why. In most cases, the subject follows the verb or part of the verb phrase. EX: Where is your parakeet? EX: Did you make the team?

 In a question that begins with a helping verb, the subject generally comes between the helping verb and the main verb. EX: Were your friends early? EX: Where did the horse cross the river?

 In a request or command, the subject is usually not stated. EX: [YOU] Please rake the yard. EX: [YOU] Pick up the fallen branches.  When a request/command includes a name, the name is not the subject but a noun of direct address. You is still the understood subject. EX: Jason, [YOU] wash the dishes.

 A compound subject consists of 2+ subjects that are joined by a conjunction and that have the same verb. EX: Mr. Olivero and his daughter planted the garden. EX: Either Mr. Olivero or his daughter planted the garden.

 A compound verb consists of 2+ verbs that are joined by a conjunction and that have the same subject. EX: At the street festival, we danced the rumba and sampled the meat pies. EX: I have written the letter and addressed the envelope but have not gone to the post office yet.

 A complement is a word or word group that completes the meaning of the verb. EX: That book is an autobiography. EX: Bob felt confident. EX: Joey hit a home run.

 A subject complement is a word or word group that completes the meaning of a linking verb and identifies or modifies the subject. EX: We may be the only ones here. EX: Roscoe seems worried. EX: Did you know that Lani is a soccer player?

 A predicate nominative is a word or word group that is in the predicate and that identifies the subject or refers to it.  Nominative=noun!! EX: Some caterpillars become butterflies. EX: She is the next speaker.

 A predicate adjective is an adjective that is in the predicate and that modifies the subject of a sentence or a clause.  ADJECTIVE=DESCRIBES NOUN/PRONOUN!!! EX: You look happy. EX: When she left, Nora appeared calm.

 A direct object is a noun, pronoun, or word group that tells who/what receives the action of the verb or shows the result of the action.  DIRECT OBJECTS=NEVER IN A PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE. Cross them out!!! EX: I took my little sister to the movies. EX: Tom was driving his car.

 An indirect object is a noun, pronoun, or word group that often appears in sentences containing direct objects. An indirect object tells to whom/what (or for whom/what) the action of a verb is done.  An I.O. has to have a D.O.—CANNOT STAND ALONE!!! EX: Meli read us her report. EX: They fed the horses some oats. EX: Juan left you a message.

 1.Declarative: makes a statement and ends with a period. EX: Toni Morrison won the Nobel Prize for literature in  2. Imperative: gives a command/makes a request. Most end with a period; strong command ends with exclamation point. EX: Be careful. EX: Wait!

 3. Interrogative: asks a question and ends with a question mark. EX: Can you speak English?  4. Exclamatory: shows excitement/expresses strong feeling and ends with an exclamation point. EX: What a beautiful day this is!