Anth 4 / Waters.  AL provides the foundations for the investigation and solution of language-related problems (Hudson, 1999)  Examples: - language education.

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Presentation transcript:

Anth 4 / Waters

 AL provides the foundations for the investigation and solution of language-related problems (Hudson, 1999)  Examples: - language education and literacy - problems of translation and interpretation - language and economic development - establishing an official or national language  The most common form of AL is language planning (policies, plans or changes used to improve communication)

Two main reasons: 1) increased numbers of displaced persons around the world due to war and persecution 2) the flawed cultural maps drawn during European colonization (and new multiethnic states that emerged after WWII)

 During colonialism, European languages often became the “official” ones (used for admin. and education)  Many countries continue using languages of colonizers (e.g. French, English) in addition to African languages  Multilingualism reflects tribal, national and colonial affiliations (and has been a source of tension and conflict)  Swahili is one of the few African languages that has the status of being an official language  Few countries even recognize a single African language as having majority status (partly due to arbitrary territorial boundaries imposed by colonists)

 Over 60 languages spoken (English has been the official language since British rule)  Although spoken by few Kenyans, Swahili became the national language in 1974 (used for business & education)  The president deliberately did not select Kikuyu (to avoid ethnic conflict), nor English (a symbol of oppression )  Some thought Swahili would become the only official language, however it: - shares this status with English - is viewed by some as having low status - may soon become optional language in primary school - is being threatened by Sheng according to some

 Increased economic development often leads to decreased linguistic diversity Does this hurt communities, or does it provide people with more opportunities?  Some argue use of local languages is critical in areas with high rates of: childhood malnutrition, maternal morbidity & mortality and infectious disease transmission  Anthropologists warn against using a “one-size-fits-all” approach to development and language planning, and stress the importance of cultural fit