Chapter 7: Consonantal Gestures

Place

Purpose Review English Categories Look at Other Place and Manner Possibilities - Examples in Other Languages  Look at Common Disordered Categories

Place Need to Specify Passive articulator Active articulator

Most Non-English Sounds Similar Places Different Manner 1. Bilabial 2. Labiodental 3. Dental 4. Alveolar 5. Retroflex 6. Palato-Alveolar 7. Palatal 8. Velar 9. Uvular 10. Pharyngeal 11. Epiglottal

Bilabials English: Other languages Oral & Nasal Stops, Glides Fricatives Spanish: saber (to know) = /saβeɾ/ Linguo-labials - tongue + lip

Labiodental English: Fricatives LABIAL Labiodental English: Fricatives Many languages have fricatives, affricates German: Pfund (pound) = /pfunt/ No phonemic Stops or Nasals Acoustic similarity to bilabials Many allophonic nasals E.g., “symphony” /sɪɱfəni/ “emphasis” /ɛɱfəsɪs/

Interdental/Dental English: Fricatives Other Languages: Stops Nasals CORONAL Interdental/Dental English: Fricatives Other Languages: Stops Nasals

Alveolar English: Other Languages: CORONAL Alveolar English: Stops, Nasals, Fricatives, Approximants Other Languages: Affricates E.g., German, Zeit (time) /tsaɪt/ Nonphonemic in English E.g., eats /its/

Retroflex English: Other Languages: Liquids CORONAL Retroflex Retroflex - tongue tip pointed up, articulation with underside of tongue (not manner because place is both where and what with tongue) English: Liquids Other Languages: Stops, Nasals, Laterals, Fricatives E.g., Quichua, ari (yes) /aɻi/

Part of Tongue Used Apical - Tongue Tip Laminal - Tongue Blade CORONAL Part of Tongue Used Apical - Tongue Tip Laminal - Tongue Blade Dorsal - Back of Tongue

Alveolar and Palatal English: Fricatives CORONAL Palato-alveolar - front of tongue domed, tongue tip near alveolar/post-alveolar region (not underside) Alveolo-palatals (like palatal + palato-alveolar) - further back than palato-alveolar, but still tongue tip under alveolar ridge (Chinese and Polish)

Palatal English: Other Languages Laminal vs. Dorsal CORONAL Palatal English: Fricatives, Liquids, Glides Other Languages Stops, Fricatives, Nasal Laminal vs. Dorsal Phonemic vs. Allophonic Uses 13

DORSAL Velar English Stops, Nasals Fricatives Spanish German

Uvular Back of tongue to uvula Not in American English Fricatives DORSAL Uvular Back of tongue to uvula Not in American English Fricatives French Trill German /R/ Nasals Iniktitut /N/ Stop Iniktitut /q, G/

Epiglottis Epiglottis to back wall of pharynx Rare Fricatives DORSAL Epiglottis Epiglottis to back wall of pharynx Rare Fricatives Phonemic contrast between pharyngeal & epiglottal place extremely rare. Acoustic similarity See Agul

DORSAL Pharyngeal Root of tongue to back wall of pharynx Fricatives

Manner 18

Stops Summary Table 7.5, p. 168. Know how each is produced

Nasals In many languages Primarily Voiced, some voiceless.

Fricatives Largest variety Classification Tongue grooved or flat not bilabial Sibilants and Non-sibilants Auditory distinction Sibilants have greater acoustic energy Different means of obstruction

Nasals, stops and fricatives (Nasals are all voiced despite the uvular nasal being on the left)

Trill Tip of tongue set in motion by air Uvular, Alveolar, Bilabial

Tap/Flap Tap Flap Technically flaps retroflex and post-alveolar Tongue tuip hitting roof of mouth Spanish single “r” – pero (but) /peɾo/ Flap One articulator being thrown against another. Technically flaps retroflex and post-alveolar Often grouped, terminology used interchangeably. E.g., “betty” (tap) vs. “hardup” (flap)

Affricates Phonemic – Duration Types Alveopalatal Alveolar Labial Ejectives Possible

Lateral vs. Central / Approximants (liquids & glides) Air passes out sides Central Air passes out center Alveolar vs. Velar

Place & Manner Differences in Disordered Speech

Lateralization Primarily Stops Fricatives

Speech with a Cleft Palate Cleft in hard/soft palate Tissue, Bony Structure, Muscle Inadequate closure/obstruction of air Structurally unable to produce certain sounds Attempt to keep same manner with different place May result in Nasal Fricatives Glottal Stops Pharyngeal Fricatives

What you know about consonants: Airstream Mechanism Airstream Direction Glottis State Part of Tongue Involved (NA on some) Primary Place of Articulation Manner of Articulation Centrality Nasality

Airstream Mechanism Pulmonic Glottalic Velaric

Airstream Direction Egressive Ingressive

Glottis State Voiced Voiceless Murmured Laryngealized Closed

Part of Tongue Involved Apical Laminal Neither

Primary Place of Articulation Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Retroflex Alveopalatal Palato-alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal (Labial-Velar)

Manner of Articulation Stop Fricative Approximant Trill Flap Tap Affricate

Centrality Central Lateral

Nasality Oral Nasal

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Practice – match the transcription with the sound 1 2 3 4 5 a [al] b [oz] c [qau] d [px] e [ka]

Practice – match the transcription with the sound 1 2 3 4 5 c a [al] b [oz] c [qau] d [px] e [ka] e a b d

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 a [aa] b [afa] c [aTa] d [asa] e [aa] f [aSa] g Difficult Fricative Practice 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 a [aa] b [afa] c [aTa] d [asa] e [aa] f [aSa] g [aCa] h [axa] i [aXa] j [aa]

1 b 2 e 3 g 4 h 5 c 6 i 7 f 8 j 9 a 10 d a [aa] b [afa] c [aTa] d Difficult Fricative Practice 1 b 2 e 3 g 4 h 5 c 6 i 7 f 8 j 9 a 10 d a [aa] b [afa] c [aTa] d [asa] e [aa] f [aSa] g [aCa] h [axa] i [aXa] j [aa]