How Bright Is that Star page 586 Apparent Magnitude –How bright a object appears to be –Sun –The smaller the number the brighter the star appears Absolute Magnitude –Actual brightness of star –The brightness of a star at 32.6 light years from Earth –Sun +4.8

Star (Bayer) Star (Proper) Parallax (arcseconds ) Apparent mag. (m) Absolute mag. (M) α Canis Majoris Sirius α CarinaeCanopus α BoötisArcturus α 1 CenaturiRigel Kent α LyraeVega α AurigaeCapella β OrionisRigel α Canis Minoris Procyon α OrionisBetelgeuse α EriadaniAchernar

Log: Sept. 28th What are emission lines?

Log: Sept.29th Apparent magnitude is the brightness of a star as seen form _________.

Log. Sept. 30th The brightness of a star at a distance of 32.6 light-years from Earth is called ___________. On what day of creation were stars first formed?

Genesis 1 And God said, “Let there be lights in the vault of the sky to separate the day from the night, and let them serve as signs to mark sacred times, and days and years, 15 and let them be lights in the vault of the sky to give light on the earth.” And it was so.

Genesis 1 16 God made two great lights—the greater light to govern the day and the lesser light to govern the night. He also made the stars. 17 God set them in the vault of the sky to give light on the earth, 18 to govern the day and the night, and to separate light from darkness. And God saw that it was good. 19 And there was evening, and there was morning— the fourth day.

Section 2 The Life Cycle of Stars Page 590

The Beginning and End

Different types of stars Stars are classified by –Color –Brightness –Size –Mass –Temperature These things can change due to age (stage of Life)

Main-Sequence Stars 2 nd and longest stage of star Energy is generated by hydrogen atoms Star does change size The Pleiades, a cluster of young stars

Log: Oct. 1st What is a white dwarf star? Explain?

Giants and Supergiants 3 rd stage of cycle Red Giant – star expands and cools due to lose of hydrogen Center shrinks and atmosphere grows

White Dwarf Final Stage Small white star that is the left over center of an old star They are out of hydrogen and can no longer generate energy The arrow is pointing to white dwarf, Sirius B, next to the large Sirius A

When Larger Stars Get old Super Novas Neutron Stars and Pulsars Black Holes

Super Novas Giant Blue Stars Final stage Gigantic explosions

Neutron Stars and Pulsars Neutron Forms directly after super nova A star that has collapsed under gravity If the neutron is spinning it is called a Pulsar It emits radiation and noise Detected by radio telescopes

A diagram of a pulsar, showing its rotation axis and its magnetic axis

Black Holes The leftovers of so supernovas A large mass of strong gravity –So strong light doesn’t escape We use x-rays to detect them ack_holes/ ack_holes/

Log: Nov. 15th Write a list of 5 things you learned at space camp Start completing DR

Nov. 16th After a blue Giant turns into a supernova it can end up forming? Describe each.

Log Nov.16 Read Page How do we classify galaxies?

Galaxies Section 3 Pg.596

Galaxies Large groups of star, dust and gas We live in the ___ ____Galaxy? Edwin Hubble classified galaxies on there shape NASA's Swift satellite has acquired the highest-resolution view of a neighboring spiral galaxy ever attained in the ultraviolet. The galaxy, known as M31 in the constellation Andromeda, is the largest and closest spiral galaxy to our own.

1.Spiral Galaxy Milky Way Dense Center Arms new stars, dust and gas Spiral M81 This image combines data from the Hubble Space Telescope, the Spitzer Space Telescope, and the Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) missions.

Elliptical Galaxies Make up 1/3 of our Galaxies Normally look like massive blobs Centers are bright with little star gas Contains Cold Stars –Larger – Giant Elliptical Galaxies –Smaller- Dwarf Elliptical Galaxies Elliptical Galaxy NGC 4881

Elliptical Galaxies Elliptical Galaxy M87

Irregular Galaxies Hubble named them Irregular cause they didn’t fit into the first two

Contents of Galaxies Gas Clouds –Nebula- a large cloud of dust and gas in space The birth place of stars Also where some stars die Click Star Clusters –Globular clusters A tight group of stars Looks like a ball but contains millions of stars –Open Clusters A group of stars that are close together relative to surrounding stars

Like a July 4 fireworks display, a young, glittering collection of stars looks like an aerial burst. The cluster is surrounded by clouds of interstellar gas and dust—the raw material for new star formation. The nebula, located 20,000 light-years away in the constellation Carina, contains a central cluster of huge, hot stars, called NGC Star clusters like NGC 3603 provide important clues to understanding the origin of massive star formation in the early, distant universe.

This brand new Hubble photo is of a small portion of one of the largest seen star-birth regions in the galaxy, the Carina Nebula. Towers of cool hydrogen laced with dust rise from the wall of the nebula. The scene is reminiscent of Hubble's classic "Pillars of Creation" photo from 1995, but is even more striking in appearance. The image captures the top of a three- light-year-tall pillar of gas and dust that is being eaten away by the brilliant light from nearby bright stars. The pillar is also being pushed apart from within, as infant stars buried inside it fire off jets of gas that can be seen streaming from towering peaks like arrows sailing through the air.