Unit 7 Vocabulary Watson & Crick What are the 3 parts of RNA? Chromosome Rosalind Franklin Gene DNA What 4 bases does RNA use? Trait What are the 3 parts of DNA? Mutation messenger RNA (mRNA) Mutagen What 4 bases does DNA use? Transcription Nondisjunction RNA polymerase Deletion Nucleotide ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Duplication complementary bases Translation Inversion complementary strands transfer RNA (tRNA) Translocation What makes strands complementary? Codon Substitution AUG Downs syndrome DNA replication UGA, UAA, UAG eugenics Helicase Anticodon DNA polymerase amino acids Why must DNA be replicated? Polypeptide Protein Is DNA replication a part of mitosis, meiosis, or both? Ribosome central dogma of molecular biology RNA Enzyme

James Watson Francis Crick Unit 7 Vocabulary Watson & Crick- scientists who discovered the structure of DNA in 1953 Franklin’s Picture of DNA Rosalind Franklin 2. Rosalind Franklin- scientist who first photographed DNA

Unit 7 Vocabulary 3. DNA- hereditary molecule that carries genetic code for proteins (traits) 4. What are the 3 parts of DNA?- deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, base (A, T, C, G) 5. What 4 bases does DNA use?- adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

Unit 7 Vocabulary 6. nucleotide- the building block of DNA & RNA; composed of a phosphate group, sugar, and base 7. complementary bases- bases that chemically bond together, such as A-T or C-G 8. complementary strands- long strings of bases that chemically bond together, such as GATTACA and CTAATGT 9. What makes strands complementary? all of their bases are complementary to each other

Unit 7 Vocabulary 10. DNA replication- the process of making two identical molecules of DNA 11. DNA polymerase- enzyme that aids in DNA replication by adding complementary nucleotides to template strand 12. ligase- enzyme that aids in DNA replication by connecting segments of nucleotides

Unit 7 Vocabulary 13. Why must DNA be replicated?- so that there is a complete copy of DNA for each new daughter cell when a cell divides 14. Is DNA replication a part of mitosis, meiosis, or both?- both Growth DNA Replication

Unit 7 Vocabulary 15. RNA- ribonucleic acid; a nucleic acid that is used as a temporary genetic code 16. What are the 3 parts of RNA?- ribose sugar, phosphate group, base (A, U, C, G) 17. What 4 bases does RNA use?- adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine

Unit 7 Vocabulary 18. messenger RNA (mRNA)- molecule that carries the code of DNA in the nucleus to the rest of the cell 19. Transcription- the process of synthesizing RNA using DNA as a template RNA DNA RNA polymerase Nucleus 20. RNA polymerase- enzyme that synthesizes RNA using DNA as a template 21. ribosomal RNA (rRNA)- the type of RNA that is folded to create a ribosome

Unit 7 Vocabulary 22. translation- the process of creating a polypeptide chain using the genetic code carried by mRNA 23. transfer RNA (tRNA)- molecule that transfers amino acids to the ribosome anticodon amino acid

Unit 7 Vocabulary 24. codon- a group of 3 nucleotides (bases) that codes for 1 amino acid 25. AUG- the start codon; also codes for methionine 26. UGA, UAA, UAG- the stop codons; do not code for any amino acid but instead terminate translation Codon = 3 nucleotides

Unit 7 Vocabulary 27. anticodon- 3 nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that complement a mRNA codon anticodon amino acid

Unit 7 Vocabulary Protein Polypeptide 28. amino acids- the building blocks of proteins; 20 types 29. polypeptide- a long chain of bonded amino acids 30. protein- a folded polypeptide Protein Polypeptide

Unit 7 Vocabulary 31. ribosome- the organelle responsible for linking together amino acids; the “protein factories” of the cell

Unit 7 Vocabulary DNA  RNA  Protein 32. central dogma of molecular biology- the concept that in cells, information always flows from DNA, to RNA, to protein and not in any other order. DNA  RNA  Protein

Unit 7 Vocabulary 33. enzyme- a biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions, such as DNA polymerase

Unit 7 Vocabulary 34. chromosome- a molecule of DNA that contains 100’s to 1000’s of genes 35. gene- the factors that are passed from parent to offspring; code for a trait 36. trait- a specific characteristic, such as height, of an individual

Unit 7 Vocabulary 37. mutation- a change in the sequence of DNA; may be positive, negative, or have no effect 38. mutagen- a substance that causes mutations; Ex: UV light

Unit 7 Vocabulary 39. nondisjunction- the failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis; leads to the production of gametes with too many and too few chromosomes

Unit 7 Vocabulary 40. deletion- when a segment of chromosome is lost 41. duplication- when a segment of a chromosomes is copied, resulting in two identical segments 42. inversion- when segments(s) of a chromosome change location on the chromosome 43. translocation- when two non-homologous chromosomes cross over, resulting in a change of location of many gnes

Unit 7 Vocabulary Substitutions: 44. substitution- a type of gene mutation where one base is replaced with another Substitutions:

Unit 7 Vocabulary 45. Downs syndrome- a genetic disorder where a person have 3 copies of chromosome #21, resulting in a total of 47 chromosomes

Unit 7 Vocabulary 46. eugenics- the science of improving a human population through selective breeding practices