Urban America 1865-1896 Section 1: Immigration Section 2: Urbanization Section 3: The Gilded Age Section 4: The Rebirth of Reform Standards: 2.1, 2.5, 2.7, 2.9, 2.10, 3.2

Why did Europeans come to the U.S.? Section 1: Immigration Why did Europeans come to the U.S.? Push Factors Farm poverty and worker uncertainty Wars and conscription Political tyranny Religious oppression Pull Factors Plenty of land and work Higher standard of living Democratic political system Opportunity for social advancement

The Atlantic Voyage Steerage: the cheapest and basic way to travel on a steamship Arrived at Ellis Island K= hernia X= mental disabilities H= heart problems Sc= scalp problems “Old” Immigrants: Northern & Western Europe “New” Immigrants: Southern & Eastern Europe

Ethnic Cities Jacob Riis Journalist called population map of NYC striped like a zebra Ghetto: a section of a city occupied by a minority group who live there because of social, economic, or legal pressure Jewish immigrants Lower East Side Italian immigrants Little Italy A place to continue their languages, religious, clubs, newspapers

Angel Island Chinese Immigrants Japanese Immigrants Taiping Rebellion Central Pacific Railroad Japanese Immigrants Economic hardships Over 200,000 Chinese and Japanese immigrants arrived on the West Coast during the late 1800s

Resurgence of Nativism Nativism: extreme dislike for immigrants by native-born people and a desire to limit immigration Prejudice Against Newcomers Prejudice: an adverse judgment or opinion formed beforehand without knowledge of the facts; an irrational suspicion or hatred of a particular group, race or religion Discrimination: Treatment or consideration based on class or category rather than individual merit; partiality or prejudice American Protective Association Henry Bowers Anti-Catholic & Foreigners Wanted to stop all immigration

Impact on the Anti-Immigrant Movement Workingman’s Party of California Dennis Kearney Fighting Chinese immigration Chinese Exclusion Act Barred Chinese immigration for 10 years Barred Chinese immigrants already in the country from becoming citizens Even after Chinese protests became a permanent act in 1902 Act was repealed in 1943

Section 2: Urbanization Americans Migrate to the Cities The New Urban Environment Skyscrapers Louis Sullivan Mass Transit Frank J. Sprague Separation by Class High Society Middle-Class Gentility The Working Class Tenements Average annual income $445.00

Urban Problems Urban Politics How the Other Half Lives, Jacob Riis Saloons “breed poverty”, corruption of politics, bringing suffering to women and children Typhoid Fever Urban Politics The Political Machine and the Party Boss George Plunkitt, NYC’s most powerful party boss Graft and Fraud Graft: getting money through dishonest or questionable means Tammany Hall William M. “Boss” Tweed

The Gilded Age A Changing Culture The Idea of Individualism Mark Twain and Charles Wagner The Idea of Individualism Horatio Alger Brave and Bold Rags to Riches stories

Social Darwinism: Herbert Spencer Darwinism and the Church Survival of the fittest Darwinism and the Church Rejection of “creation” Rejection of “evolution” Carnegie’s Gospel of Wealth Gospel of Wealth, philosophy Philanthropy: providing money to support humanitarian or social goals

Realism Realism in Art Realism of Literature Thomas Eakins, painter of everything Realism of Literature William Dean Howells The Rise of Silas Lapham Mark Twain Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Henry James Portrait of a Lady Edith Wharton The Age of Innocence Pulitzer Prize

Popular Culture The Saloon Amusement Parks and Sports “Free Lunch” Amusement Parks and Sports Coney Island Vaudeville and Ragtime vaudeville Animal acts Acrobats Gymnasts Dancers And more… Ragtime Scott Joplin “King of Ragtime” Signature piece “The Maple Leaf Rag”

Section 4: The Rebirth of Reform Social Criticism Disagreements Individualism Social Darwinism Henry George on Progress and Poverty Land is basis of wealth Reform Darwinism Lester Frank Ward Dynamic Sociology Looking Backward Edward Bellamy Perfect society

Naturalism in Literature Stephen Crane, Maggie, A Girl of the Streets Story of prostitution and death Frank Norris, McTeague Story of a dentist and his wife driven mad by greed and violence Theodore Dreiser, Sister Carrie Sin without punishment Pursuit of wealth and power destroyed character

Helping the Urban Poor The Social Gospel Washington Gladden, minister “Christian law” to fix problems Walter Rauschenbusch Baptist minister The Salvation Army and the YMCA Salvation Army- William Booth Young Men’s Christian Association Revivalism and Dwight L. Moody President of Chicago’s YMCA Moody Memorial Church

The Settlement House Movement Jane Addams Hull House, Chicago, Illinois Lillian Wald Henry Street Settlement House, New York City Still runs today under the name “Visiting Nurses Association” Medical care Recreation programs English classes Hot lunches

Public Education The Spread of Schools Americanization of Immigrants English language American history Citizenship Discipline Work ethic National values African Americans Limited educational opportunities Booker T. Washington Tuskegee Institute, Alabama, 1881

Education for the workplace Assimilation: absorbing a group into the culture of a larger population Job preparation Grammar School Timely attendance Neatness Efficiency Vocational and technical education in high schools Expanding Higher Education Morrill Land Grant Agricultural and mechanical colleges Women’s colleges: Vassar, Wellesley, Smith Public Libraries Andrew Carnegie

Review Questions: Where did the immigrants come from? Why did labor unions oppose immigration? What was the most common form of “mass transit”? Who lived in the streetcar suburbs? Who was William Tweed? Who believed that those who are more fortunate should assist those who are not? In the cities, what functioned as a community and political center for men? What helped immigrants adjust to American life? Where did the immigrants come into the U.S.? What is nativism? Why do we have subways? What was Tammany Hall? What is graft? What is individualism? What was the first baseball team to be salaried? What is “survival of the fittest”? What is the name of the philosophy connected with it?