APPLIED MARKETING Session 5

Yummy Bar kcChoco-Bar 9.90 kc

What does Price do?  Names Terms of Exchange  Signifies Quality  Shapes the Value of the Product  How?  Motivating consumer to rethink and better understand what they are being offered

What you need to know before determining price 1. Costs 2. Competitors 3. Customers and Value 4. Corporate Strategy

Slide 16.5 Kotler, Keller, Brady, Goodman and Hansen, Marketing Management, 1 st Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2009 The 3 C’s and Pricing Models Models:  Markup pricing  Going-rate pricing  Perceived-value pricing  Value pricing  Premium pricing  Auction-type pricing

Costs (costs plus or markup) = Product Cost

Analyze competitors’ costs, prices and offers  Consider the nearest competitor’s price  Evaluate worth to customer for differentiated features  Judge whether the customer will be willing to pay more  Anticipate response from competition – what would you do in competition’s place?

Where do customers perceive value?  Features  Buyer’s image of product performance  Ability to deliver on time  Warranty  Customer support  Supplier reputation  Trustworthiness and Reliability  Esteem  End user of the product

Slide 16.9 Kotler, Keller, Brady, Goodman and Hansen, Marketing Management, 1 st Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2009 Strategic Decisions: the pricing objective  Survival  Maximum current profit  Maximum market share  Maximum market skimming  Product-quality leadership

Porter’s Generic Strategies Target Scope Competitive Advantage Low CostProduct Uniqueness Broad (industry wide) Overall Cost Leadership Differentiation Narrow (market segment) Cost Focus Differentiation Focus

Price-adaptation strategies Geographical pricing Discounts/allowances Differentiated pricing Promotional pricing Bundle pricing

Communicating with Customers by Using Price  Commodification = Products become “commodities”  Skepticism, routinized behavior, minimal expectations, prefer swift and effortless transactions  All product dimensions are equally palatable, differences are not worth investigating  Not about products, but about customers (vs. actual commodities)  Objective is to reengage buyer who is past caring  Tires, Explosives, Car Insurance

Using Price – Change Parameters  Adjust price structure to clarify advantages  Move away from “units sold” model  Examples  Goodyear, price on “miles/km” expectation, rather than engineering  Orica, price on fragmentation of rock rather than explosive  Norwich Union, insurance based on miles driven, rather than risk

Using Price - Overpricing  Thought-provoking effect of moderate overpricing (50% to 80%)  Consumer: “Why is this so much more expensive?”  Revives considerations and recall of other features  Apple computers, Starbucks, etc.

Using Price - Partitioning  Use partitioning to highlight overlooked benefits  Showing broken down pricing can cause consumers to revise behavior  Unbundling  Cable television (channels, set top box, internet)  Low cost airlines (flight, luggage, food)

Using Price – Single Price Point  Customer focuses on choice, rather than price  Swatch -- which is right for me?  iTunes Varying $0.89 to $1.29 Uniform $1.29 Likelihood of Purchase (1 to 5) Songs per month Implied annual revenue $25.95$49.10

Using Price – Free  Power of Free  Free $10 gift certificate, or seven dollars for a $20 gift certificate  Amazon France  Shipping for 1 Franc (vs. free)

Slide Kotler, Keller, Brady, Goodman and Hansen, Marketing Management, 1 st Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2009 Presenting the price Anchoring  Use a comparison  TiVo (VCR vs. Computer)  $200 vs. $1000  Apple iPhone  $600 to $400  Anchor high value Price Cues  ‘Left to right’ pricing ($299 versus $300)  Odd number discount perceptions vs. Even number value perceptions  ‘Sale’ written next to price  Limited availability

What is a brand? A brand is a name, term, sign, symbol or design or a combination of them, intended to identify the goods or services of one seller or group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of competitors.

Most Valuable Global Brands

Distinguishing between brand identity and brand image  Brand identity is the way a company aims to identify or position itself or its product or service; the visual or verbal expressions of a brand which leads to the psychological or emotional associations that the brand aspires to maintain in the minds of the consumer.  Brand image is the way the public actually perceives this aim.

The role of brands – for firms (1) Legal protection Create loyalty Serve as a competitive advantage Secure price premium

The role of brands – for firms (2) Increase marketing efficiency Attract employees Elicit support from channel partners Help segment markets

The role of brands – for customers Signify quality level Facilitate purchasing Reduce risk