The Biology of Behavior Biology of Behavior (8-10% of the AP Exam)

Before we start... Before we start... A website to help you review. A website to help you review. It’s COOL! It’s COOL!

The Neuron Basic info Structure

Trans parency

The Electrochemical Process The neuron is adapted for sending and receiving signals. This is done within and between neurons. HOW?

Within the cell, the nature of the neural impulse is electrical. All-or-nothing Principle All-or-nothing Principle Impulse along the axon is called axonal transmission Impulse along the axon is called axonal transmission

The nature of the neural impulse is electrical. The neuron at rest is more negative inside the cell membrane relative to outside the membrane. The resting neural potential is about -70 mV. The neuron at rest is more negative inside the cell membrane relative to outside the membrane. The resting neural potential is about -70 mV. The resting potential results from the selective permeability of the membrane, the presence of electrically charged particles called ions near the inside and outside surfaces of the membrane and resulting concentration and electrical gradients. The sodium potassium pump and blocking of ionic channels by calcium ions help maintain the resting potential. The resting potential results from the selective permeability of the membrane, the presence of electrically charged particles called ions near the inside and outside surfaces of the membrane and resulting concentration and electrical gradients. The sodium potassium pump and blocking of ionic channels by calcium ions help maintain the resting potential.

The nature of the neural impulse is electrical When sufficiently stimulated (to threshold) a net flow of sodium ions into the cell occurs (along with the movement of potassium ions out). When sufficiently stimulated (to threshold) a net flow of sodium ions into the cell occurs (along with the movement of potassium ions out). The potential rapidly reverses its polarity to typically +40mV very briefly. The potential rapidly reverses its polarity to typically +40mV very briefly. The brief change in potential is call the action potential. This neural impulse travels down the length of the axon to the axon terminals. The brief change in potential is call the action potential. This neural impulse travels down the length of the axon to the axon terminals.

The nature of the neural impulse is electrical The more intense a stimulus, the more frequent a neuron fires. The more intense a stimulus, the more frequent a neuron fires. A brief period of time, called the refractory period, follows the polarization changes during which the neuron is resistant to a retriggering of an action potential. A brief period of time, called the refractory period, follows the polarization changes during which the neuron is resistant to a retriggering of an action potential.

The chemical process is via neurotransmitters Dozens of chemicals have been identified that perform different functions in the brain.

Basic Neurotransmitters Acetylcholine (ACh) Acetylcholine (ACh) Controls skeletal muscles Contributes to the regulation of attention, arousal and memory Some ACh receptors are stimulated by nicotine

Dopamine (DA) Dopamine (DA) Contributes to control of voluntary movement, pleasurable emotions Decreased levels associated with Parkinson’s Disease Overactive at DA synapses associated with schizophrenia Cocaine and amphetamines elevate activity at DA synapses

Norepinephrine (NE) Norepinephrine (NE) Contributes to modulation of mood and arousal Cocaine and amphetamines elevate the activity at NE synapses

Serotonin Serotonin Involved in regulation of sleep and wakefulness, eating and aggression Abnormal levels may contribute to depression and OCD Prozac and similar antidepressant drugs affect serotonin circuits

Gamma- aminobutyic acid Gamma- aminobutyic acid (GABA) (GABA) Serves as widely distributed inhibitory transmitter Valium and similar antianxiety drugs work at GABA synapses

Endorphins Endorphins Resemble opiate drugs in structure and effect Contribute to pain relief and perhaps to some pleasurable emotions

The communication between cells is chemical. More about that... More about that... Lock and Key Lock and Key Excitatory and Inhibitory Excitatory and Inhibitory Increases the likelihood that neuron will fire Increases the likelihood that neuron will fire Decreases the likelihood that neuron will fire Decreases the likelihood that neuron will fire Agonist and Antagonist Agonist and Antagonist A chemical that mimics the neurotransmitter A chemical that mimics the neurotransmitter A chemical that opposes the action of a neurotransmitter A chemical that opposes the action of a neurotransmitter Reuptake Reuptake Process by which neurotransmitters are sponged up from synapse by the presynaptic membrane Process by which neurotransmitters are sponged up from synapse by the presynaptic membrane

The Reflex Arc Types of sensory receptors (get information from the environment). There are four types... Types of sensory receptors (get information from the environment). There are four types... The simplest form of a behavior is called a reflex. The simplest form of a behavior is called a reflex. We need to know the basic types of neurons. We need to know the basic types of neurons. Mnemonic is SAME. Mnemonic is SAME. Take a look Take a look

HOW LONG DOES THIS TAKE? ACTIVITY WITH REACTION TIME.

Fun with neurons Fuzzy Neuron Field Trip Preparation (look up terms) Field Trip AV The Mind #5 Endorphins The Mind #5 The Mind #5 Neuron 1:30 Neuron 1:30

Fantastic Website!!! D brain and neuron for explanation and study 3-D brain and neuron for explanation and study

The Brain Structure and Function Structure and Function Pinkie and the Brain Pinkie and the Brain Pinkie and the Brain Pinkie and the Brain

Organization of the Brain How can we describe the brain? How can we describe the brain? Neural tissue description(the look) Neural tissue description(the look) Location description(the place)NAT GEO photo gallery Location description(the place)NAT GEO photo galleryNAT GEO photo galleryNAT GEO photo gallery

General divisions of the nervous system Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Somatic Nervous System Somatic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic Nervous System Sympathetic Nervous System Parasympathetic Nervous System Parasympathetic Nervous System

Central Nervous System (CNS) Central Nervous System (CNS) Spinal Cord Spinal Cord The Brain The Brain Reptilian Brain Reptilian Brain Old Mammalian Brain Old Mammalian Brain New Mammalian Brain (Neocortex) New Mammalian Brain (Neocortex)

Localization of function of the human brain Structure and Function, Structure and Function Structure and Function, Structure and Function Subcortical areas Subcortical areas Structure and Function Structure and Function

Neocortex The look The look The lobes The lobes

A review Carl Sagen 11 mins Carl Sagen 11 mins Carl Sagen 11 mins Carl Sagen 11 mins NAT GEO web site for review NAT GEO web site for review NAT GEO web site for review NAT GEO web site for review Brain Surgery Brain Surgery

Let’s Look Into Your Brain! Today’s topics Today’s topics Right/Left Brain Right/Left Brain Clip Clip Dysfunctions Dysfunctions

How do the two hemispheres of the brain communicate?

Lateralization of function of the human brain Split Brain- although similarly located both cerebral hemispheres generally have similar functions, but... Split Brain- although similarly located both cerebral hemispheres generally have similar functions, but... There are some differences or lateralization of functions shown to exist There are some differences or lateralization of functions shown to exist How did scientist figure this out??? How did scientist figure this out???

Roger Sperry According to Dr.Sperry, the brain has two hemispheres with different but overlapping functions. The right and left hemispheres of the brain each specialize in distinct types of thinking processes. According to Dr.Sperry, the brain has two hemispheres with different but overlapping functions. The right and left hemispheres of the brain each specialize in distinct types of thinking processes.

Left and Right Brain Specialization

brain/index.html brain/index.html brain/index.html brain/index.html

How is this studied? Electrical stimulation Electrical stimulation PET scans PET scans Cerebral vascular accidents (strokes), injury or lesioning Cerebral vascular accidents (strokes), injury or lesioning Left/Right Side neglect Left/Right Side neglect Split brain patients Split brain patients Drugs affecting half of brain Drugs affecting half of brain Dichotic listening Dichotic listening

Michael Gazzinga Over the course of several decades, a major focus of his research has been an extensive study of patients that have undergone split-brain surgery that have revealed lateralization of functions across the cerebral hemispheres. Split brain Paitent Split brain Paitent

Left Hemisphere Specialization Speech and Language Functions Speech and Language Functions Wernicke’s Area Wernicke’s Area Broca’s Area Broca’s Area Angular gyrus Angular gyrus Contralateral representation Contralateral representation

Right Hemisphere Specialization Spatial Functions (patterns (gestalten), visual configurations, color discrimination) Spatial Functions (patterns (gestalten), visual configurations, color discrimination) Musical Functions Musical Functions Contralateral Representation Contralateral Representation

The Brain The Brain #6 Language and Speech #6 Language and Speech #7 Plasticity #7 Plasticity #8 Visual Imaging Processing #8 Visual Imaging Processing

Hemispheric Dysfunction Broca’s Aphasia Broca’s Aphasia Example (3 mins) Example (3 mins) Example Wernicke’s Aphasia Wernicke’s Aphasia example (4 mins) example (4 mins) example Anomic Aphasia Anomic Aphasia Global Aphasia Global Aphasia Developmental Dyslexia Developmental Dyslexia

Plasticity Chudler/plasticity Chudler/plasticity Chudler/plasticity See Hand out See Hand out The Brain 7 mins The Brain 7 mins The Brain 7 mins The Brain 7 mins

Windows to the Brain Brain Imaging Techniques Brain Imaging Techniques See Hand Out See Hand Out Investigative Assignment Investigative Assignment Web search by Courtney Denton Plano ISD Web search by Courtney Denton Plano ISD

Windows on the Brain The Greeks The Greeks Franz Gall Franz Gall Brain Damage – Phineas Gage Brain Damage – Phineas Gage Lesion (ablation) Lesion (ablation) Imaging Techniques Imaging Techniques

The Greeks Hippocrates BCE Emotions, thought and mental health arise from the brain Galen CE Fluids in the brain ventricles were responsible for sensations, reasoning, judgment and memories

57 Gall’s Contribution

58 American Phrenology Journal

59 Phineas Gage A railroad construction worker in Vermont in Dynamite blew a tamper rod through his eye and out his skull. Remarkably, he survived, but was never the same. Once considerate and friendly, he was now overbearing and indecisive. Theory: executive control system in prefrontal cortex was damaged. #25 Phineas Gage Warren Museum Harvard Medical School Boston MA

Lesions Cutting of brain tissue Cutting of brain tissue Ablation – destroy brain tissue Ablation – destroy brain tissue (Essentially these are the same thing) (Essentially these are the same thing) Do we do this today? Do we do this today?

Some cool guys Cajal Cajal Golgi Golgi Penfield Penfield Hess Hess

62 Golgi’s Contribution (1872)

63 Cajal’s Contribution: Discrete cells

Wilder Penfield Electrode into brain to map motor cortex Electrode into brain to map motor cortex

Walter Hess Electrode deeper in brain to discover function of hypothalamus and “start-stop eating” function Electrode deeper in brain to discover function of hypothalamus and “start-stop eating” function

Brain Imaging Techniques The are now many, highly specific methods to see into your brain. The are now many, highly specific methods to see into your brain. Assignment to follow will help you discover the techniques used today. Assignment to follow will help you discover the techniques used today. As an introduction... As an introduction...

More modern approaches EEG EEG CAT CAT MRI and fMRI MRI and fMRI PET PET MEG MEG SPECT SPECT DTI DTI

EEG Transmit electrical activity (brain waves) Transmit electrical activity (brain waves)

CAT or CT scan Computerized axial tomography- computerized image of x-rays Computerized axial tomography- computerized image of x-rays

MRI Magnetic resonance imaging – magnetic field to develop image of the brain Magnetic resonance imaging – magnetic field to develop image of the brain

fMRI Functional MRI – detect the use of oxygen in the brain Functional MRI – detect the use of oxygen in the brain

PET Positron emission tomography- slightly radioactive solution injected to see metabolic activity in imaged part of the brain Positron emission tomography- slightly radioactive solution injected to see metabolic activity in imaged part of the brain

MEG Magnetoencephalography- detect activity too brief to be detected by PET or MRI Magnetoencephalography- detect activity too brief to be detected by PET or MRI

SPECT Single photon emission computerized tomography- tracks cerebral blood flow as an indicator of neural activity in a specific region of the brain Single photon emission computerized tomography- tracks cerebral blood flow as an indicator of neural activity in a specific region of the brain

Diffusion Tensor Imaging An MRI technique that measures the diffusion of water within a cell to yield an image of axons and neural tracts An MRI technique that measures the diffusion of water within a cell to yield an image of axons and neural tracts

Investigative Assignment Brain Imaging and web search Brain Imaging and web search Courtney Denton Plano ISD Courtney Denton Plano ISD

Brain Dysfunction oke_of_insight.html oke_of_insight.html oke_of_insight.html oke_of_insight.html Ted talks and strokes Ted talks and strokes

The Endocrine System!!!! Chemical messengers telling the body what to do

The Endocrine System We rarely think about the endocrine system We rarely think about the endocrine system However, it influences almost every cell, organ and function of our bodies However, it influences almost every cell, organ and function of our bodies It is instrumental in regulating mood, growth and development, tissue functions, metabolism, sexual functions and reproductive processes It is instrumental in regulating mood, growth and development, tissue functions, metabolism, sexual functions and reproductive processes

The Endocrine System Integration and control is achieved through interaction of the nervous system with the endocrine system of glands that secrete chemical messengers called hormones. Integration and control is achieved through interaction of the nervous system with the endocrine system of glands that secrete chemical messengers called hormones. Endocrine v. exocrine systems Endocrine v. exocrine systems

Endocrine glands secrete “within” the body Endocrine glands secrete “within” the body See remaining lecture notes See remaining lecture notes Exocrine glands secrete “outside” of the body Exocrine glands secrete “outside” of the body Sweat glands Sweat glands Salivary glands Salivary glands Tear glands Tear glands

A brief introduction The endocrine system 3 mins The endocrine system 3 mins The endocrine system 3 mins The endocrine system 3 mins

Comparison of endocrine and nervous system Endocrine Glands Endocrine Glands Secrete hormones directly into the blood stream Secrete hormones directly into the blood stream Endocrine transport may take minutes to hours Endocrine transport may take minutes to hours Endocrine effects are typically long lasting Endocrine effects are typically long lasting BOTH interact with specific receptors on or in the target cells BOTH interact with specific receptors on or in the target cells Neurons (Nervous System) Neurons transmit signals over neural networks (generally speaking) Nervous control may take a fraction of a second to minutes Neural effects are short lived There is overlap between systems!!

The foundations of the endocrine system Glands Glands Hormones

Glands A group of cells that produce and secrete chemicals A gland selects and removes materials from the blood, processes them and secretes the finished chemical product for use somewhere in the body

Hormones – the chemical messengers of the body 3 types 3 types Steroids Steroids Peptides or proteins Peptides or proteins Amino acid derivatives Amino acid derivatives Small amounts Small amounts Rapidly degraded Rapidly degraded

Specialized function of the endocrine glands Pineal gland Pineal gland Pituitary gland- Hypothalamus Pituitary gland- Hypothalamus Thyroid gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid gland Parathyroid gland Adrenal gland Adrenal gland Pancreas Pancreas Ovaries and Testes Ovaries and Testes

Discussion topics How about synthetic hormones? How about synthetic hormones? Hormonal disorders? Hormonal disorders?