Define 10 terms List 4 new responsibilities of women during WWII Pg. 419 (1-2) – complete sentences Bonus (2 pts.) – Who is Rosie the Riveter?

Axis Powers: the countries that fought the Allies in World War II Mobilize: to get ready for war Siege: a military blocking of a city to force its surrender

Pearl Harbor was attacked December 7, 1941 War was declared December 8, 1941 War had spread throughout the world… again.

US was shocked by the Pearl Harbor attacks Declared war on Japan immediately  Japan allies = Germany and Italy  US allies = Great Britain and the Soviet Union Fought the AXIS powers December 11, 1941 – Germany and Italy declared war on the US

US began to mobilize forces  10,000,000 men were drafted  6,000,000 men and women volunteered

After Pearl Harbor – Japan attacked other US bases Japan’s leader = Hideki Tojo Goal = Japan most powerful empire in the world 1942 – goal seemed attainable

Japan took control of: Hong Kong Singapore  US held islands  Philippines US had been stationed on the Philippines since the Spanish American War  Troops fought back against Japan  Commander: General Douglas MacArthur

Japan pushed troops further and further into the Philippines (Bataan) Put troops under siege = forced surrender Roosevelt ordered General MacArthur to to go Australia Take command of Allied forces there MacArthur = “I shall return” Death March: Americans and Filipinos forced to march 65 miles to prison camps No food or water

The “Big Three” Roosevelt = US Churchill = Britain Stalin = Soviet Union Agreed that they would have to defeat the Axis powers in Europe – all planned Stalin: US / Britain – attack the west coast Roosevelt: US and Britain should start in France Churchill: US and Britain should attack Italy through North Africa (German troops were weakest there)

Everyone agreed: German defeat was #1 goal Agreed on a plan:  Attack German forces in N. Africa first  Troops were weakest there  Move to the west coast  Then move to attack the Pacific area

Pg. 408 (1-3) – Complete sentences Exercise 92 – not necessarily complete sentences

Partisan: a person who strongly believes in a curse Amphibious landing: a planned movement of troops from the sea

Germany = controlled most of Europe Japan = taken large parts of Asia Quickly – US and British soldiers won major victories

Allies prepared First – control North Africa Second – attack Italy Germany and Italy also wanted N. Africa 3 years of fighting over N. Africa Fighting in a desert was difficult / new warfare

Allies vs. German general Erwin Rommel October 1942 British troops hit Rommel’s forces from the east 2 weeks later: US troops landed in Africa  Dwight D. Eisenhower  Headed for Rommel’s forces May 1943 – Rommel was defeated

From N. Africa: Allies moved across the Mediterranean Sea Attacked Italy Italians had turned against Mussolini and the Fascists  Also did not like the Nazis  Joined groups who were fighting the Germans Hitler’s troops went to Italy to fight the Allies  June 1944 – Allied forces had defeated Italy

Spring 1942: Allies began moving across the Pacific Ocean American bombers took off and headed for Tokyo Bombed  Factories  Railroad yards  Navy base Japan was shocked: they had never been attacked

Japan pushed closer to US territory US v. Japan = forces met at Midway Island Code experts figured out Japanese messages  US always knew where enemy ships were going to be June 4, 1942: US attacked Japanese planes Caught off guard / huge losses Battle of Midway – 1 st big Japanese defeat

Japanese held many islands in the Pacific US decided to capture islands  Could use islands to Attack other islands Cut off Japan from supplies US plan = island hopping  Use Marines made “amphibious landings” All troops worked together for an invasion

US plan = island hopping Use Marines made “amphibious landings”  All troops worked together for an invasion Taken islands became supply bases for attacks on other islands : US pushed Japan’s forces were pushed back to Japan

Pg. 410 – complete sentences Pg. 411 (1-2): #2 – name 3 battles for full credit Pg. 412 (1-3) – complete sentences Exercise 93

Rationing: limiting the amount of something that each person can buy Internment camp: a prisonlike place in which people are held during a war

The US needed huge supplies of weapons This need helped the economy Pulled the US out of the Great Depression Lots of changes took place between

The work force was mobilized to produce war supplies Factories stayed open around the clock 3 eight hour shifts 1944: US was making 90,000 planes a year End of the war:  Over 70,000 ships  44 billion bullets  2.5 million army trucks

US made more materials than all of the Axis powers put together Too old for factory work? Knitted sweaters and socks Worked for the Red Cross Planted victory gardens Too young? Saved $.10 a week to buy a war bond (in bond books)

Government set up many agencies to direct the war effort Fuel agency – had to get fuel to armed forces  Encouraged civilians to reduce their fuel consumption Wage-and-price agency – controlled food prices and workers’ pay  No prices or wages were raised during the war Rationing began to be used

Coupons were used to buy “hard to get” products  Meat  Sugar  Butter  Coffee Clothing was scarce – cloth was needed to make uniforms

Women = 1/3 of the work force Before: workers were young and unmarried Now: workers were more married than unmarried  Many over the age of 35 Women had a new sense of freedom “Rosie the Riveter” – stood for all women workers Took on new responsibilities

Served in the armed forces in great numbers… all branches had separate women’s units Worked in military offices so that more men could serve in battle Flew supply planes so men could fly fighters and bombers Served as nurses… often lived under same dangerous conditions as soldiers Women were important… But paid 40% less than men

27 million Americans moved during the war African Americans moved to cities in the Northeast, Midwest, West coast Many changes for African Americans Left low paying jobs for better paying jobs Roosevelt signed an order for fair treatment in defense plants

Service: Almost a millions African Americans served Still faced discrimination  Given jobs as cooks, waiters, workers in supply units  Still wanted to be a part of the fighting Tuskegee Airmen: African American fighter pilots  Carried out missions  Protected bombers flying over Europe  Shot down 103 planes, destroyed 298 enemy planes

More Latinos volunteered for service than any other group Still faced discrimination 300,000 Latinos served  Most were Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans 1 in 4 Bataan Death march men were Mexican Americans Worked on the home front, also Worked as farm / railroad workers Shipyard worked in factories Fought two battles: prejudice & the Axis powers

Americans feared Japanese might help Japan 1942: Army ordered to take Japanese Americans to internment camps  Also known as relocation camps > 100,000 Japanese Americans had to give up their  Homes  Farms  businesses

Japanese Americans still volunteered for service Served in segregated units No reason to believe Japanese Americans were disloyal Years and years later – government paid Japanese for the loss of their property  10% of their losses  Apology given

Pg. 418 (1-3) – complete sentences Exercise 95 – complete sentences

Holocaust: the mass murder of millions of Jews by the Nazis Genocide: the planned murder of an entire people Atomic bomb: a nuclear bomb with enormous power to harm

German and Japanese forces were pushed back to their homelands Holocaust was still happening  More deaths Atomic bomb ends the war  More deaths

Needed: an Allied invasion of Europe 6 month preparation Eisenhower planned the invasion  Later led troops to victory in Europe Germans expected an invasion  Planted land mines  Put up barbed wire to stand in the way of troops D-day: June 6, 1944

170,000 Allied troops crossed the English Channel Landed at Normandy (France)  Tons of supplies and new soldiers arrived to fight Allies had tricked Hitler:  Sent his best soldiers to a different location

Allies began bombing German cities all of the time December 1944: Nazis made one final attack  Allies forced troops to retreat to Berlin Millions of Allied soldiers closed in on Germany May 7, 1945: Germany surrendered  Side-note: rather than be captured…Hitler committed suicide

As Allied troops moved through Germany… Found evidence of the Holocaust Jewish people were blamed for Germany’s problems  “Final Solution” = genocide  Death camps were built w/gas chambers Thousands were killed daily Bodies burned in ovens Buried in mass graves

Jewish people were also murdered Troops had heard reports / few believed them “seeing is believing” – people were horrified Nazi leaders were tried for war crimes Nuremburg Trials  12 Nazi leaders were sentenced to death

After Europe was save, everyone turned to Japan Allied forces had retaken the Philippines  General MacArthur had returned / kept his promise Allies did not want to attack Japan directly  Millions of lives could be lost  Instead, bombed Japan’s cities Caused lots of destruction

FDR began his 4 th term as president Met with Churchill and Stalin to end the war forever FDR died April 1945 (was in poor health) Harry S. Truman became President

Truman’s big decision: Atomic bomb had been developed  Successfully tested July 1945 Should the new weapon be used???? Scientists did not want it used Others said “YES!”  It would save the lives of Allied troops

Pg. 423 (1-3) – complete sentences Exercise 96 – not necessarily complete sentences

The Verdict: Truman decided to use the bomb August 6, 1945: bomb dropped on Hiroshima 3 days later: bomb dropped on Nagasaki Japan surrendered August 14, 1945  WWII was over at last