משנה סנהדרין פרק י משנה א כל ישראל יש להם חלק לעולם הבא שנאמר (ישעיה ס') ועמך כולם צדיקים לעולם יירשו ארץ נצר מטעי מעשי ידי להתפאר. ואלו שאין להם חלק לעולם.

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משנה סנהדרין פרק י משנה א כל ישראל יש להם חלק לעולם הבא שנאמר (ישעיה ס') ועמך כולם צדיקים לעולם יירשו ארץ נצר מטעי מעשי ידי להתפאר. ואלו שאין להם חלק לעולם הבא האומר אין תחיית המתים מן התורה ואין תורה מן השמים ואפיקורס. )רבי עקיבא אומר אף הקורא בספרים החיצונים, והלוחש על המכה ואומר כל המחלה אשר שמתי במצרים לא אשים עליך כי אני ה' רפאך. אבא שאול אומר אף ההוגה את השם באותיותיו( All Israel have a portion in the world to come, for it is written ‘Your people are all righteous; they shall inherit the land forever… But the following have no portion: He who maintains that resurrection is not a biblical doctrine That the Torah is not from Heaven (Torah Min Hashamayim) And an Apikoris Torah Min Hashamayim I believe that Torah min Hashamayim - the concept of Torah as Revelation - is not simply one belief in Judaism. it is the belief of Judaism - the one from which all else follows and without which nothing would follow at all. (Jonathan Sacks) שלושה הן הכופרים בתורה: האומר שאין התורה מעם ה', אפילו פסוק אחד, אפילו תיבה אחת--אם אמר משה אמרו מפי עצמו, הרי זה כופר בתורה; Three categories of heretics are called kofrim. They are: one who says the Torah, or even one verse or word of the Torah, is not Divine, or one who says that the Bible and the Oral Law were not given by God to Moses, but that Moses was the author of the Bible and the Oral Law; (Rambam, Hilhot Teshuva) CALEV BEN DOR Revelation and the Limits of Acceptable Belief "I believe with complete faith that the entire Torah which is now in our possession is the same as that which was given to Moshe Rabbeinu, may he rest in peace." אני מאמין באמונה שלמה שכל התורה נמצאת בידינו היום הזה היא התורה שניתנה למשה, ושהיא כולה מפי הגבורה,

What was heard at Sinai? וְאִם-אָמֹר יֹאמַר, הָעֶבֶד, אָהַבְתִּי אֶת-אֲדֹנִי, אֶת-אִשְׁתִּי וְאֶת-בָּנָי; לֹא אֵצֵא, חָפְשִׁי. ו וְהִגִּישׁוֹ אֲדֹנָיו, אֶל- הָאֱלֹהִים, וְהִגִּישׁוֹ אֶל-הַדֶּלֶת, אוֹ אֶל-הַמְּזוּזָה; וְרָצַע אֲדֹנָיו אֶת-אָזְנוֹ בַּמַּרְצֵעַ, וַעֲבָדוֹ לְעֹלָם. Why is the ear of all organs pierced? Rabbi Yochanan Ben Zakai explained – the ear that heard ‘you shall not steal’ and then went and stole, it alone of all organs is pierced. (Mechilta DeRabbi Yishmael) Why is the ear of all organs pierced? Because it heard at Mount Sinai ‘to Me that the Israelites are servants; they are My servants (Vayikra 25.55). Since it [the ear] threw off the yoke of heaven and took on the yoke of flesh and blood, it did not observe what it heard (Tosefta Baba Kamma) But if the servant shall plainly say: I love my master, my wife, and my children; I will not go out free; then his master shall bring him unto God, and shall bring him to the door, or unto the door-post; and his master shall bore his ear through with an awl; and he shall serve him for ever (Shemot 21:5-6) וא"ר לוי בר חמא אמר ר' שמעון בן לקיש מאי דכתיב ואתנה לך את לוחות האבן והתורה והמצוה אשר כתבתי להורותם לוחות אלו עשרת הדברות תורה זה מקרא והמצוה זו משנה אשר כתבתי אלו נביאים וכתובים להורותם זה {תלמוד} מלמד שכולם נתנו למשה מסיני R. Levi b. Hama says further in the name of R. Simeon b. Lakish: What is the meaning of the verse: And I will give you the tablets of stone, and the law and the commandment, which I have written that thou may teach them? 'Tables of stone': these are the ten commandments; 'the law': this is the Chumash; 'the commandment': this is the Mishnah; 'which I have written': these are the Prophets and the Ketuvim; 'that you may teach them': this is the Gemara. It teaches [us] that all these things were given to Moses on Sinai. וַיִּתֵּן יְהוָה אֵלַי, אֶת-שְׁנֵי לוּחֹת הָאֲבָנִים--כְּתֻבִים, בְּאֶצְבַּע אֱלֹהִים; וַעֲלֵיהֶם, כְּכָל-הַדְּבָרִים אֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר יְהוָה עִמָּכֶם בָּהָר מִתּוֹךְ הָאֵשׁ--בְּיוֹם הַקָּהָל And the LORD delivered unto me the two tables of stone written with the finger of God; and on them was written according to all the words, which the LORD spoke with you in the mount out of the midst of the fire in the day of the assembly. The text could have written ‘on them’. Why was it written ‘and on them’. It could have been written ‘the words’. Why was it written ‘the exact words’. …from the additional letters Rabbi Joshua ben Levi would expound: Scripture, Mishnah, Talmud, Aggadah, and even what a diligent student will teach in the future before his master was already spoken to Moses at Sinai (PT Peah 17a)

When Moshe ascended to the heavens (to receive the Torah), the angels said to G-d, 'Master of the universe, what is a 'born of woman' doing among us?' G-d answered, ' To receive the Torah'. The angels countered, 'This hidden treasure, You want to give it to a 'flesh and blood'! Why them more than us? Give Your glory to the heavens!' they begged. G-d told Moshe to respond to the angels. 'Master of the universe, this Torah that you want to give us, what is written in it? I am the Lord your G- d who took you from Egypt. Did you angels ever go to Egypt? Were you slaves to Pharaoh? Have you lived among the nations that serve idols? Do you work, do you do business, do you have parents, do you have an evil inclination?' (Shabbat 88b), בשעה שעלה משה למרום אמרו מלאכי השרת לפני הקב"ה רבש"ע מה לילוד אשה בינינו אמר להן לקבל תורה בא אמרו לפניו חמודה גנוזה שגנוזה לך תשע מאות ושבעים וארבעה דורות קודם שנברא העולם אתה מבקש ליתנה לבשר ודם אמר לו הקב"ה למשה החזיר להן תשובה אמר לפניו רבש"ע מתיירא אני שמא ישרפוני בהבל שבפיהם אמר לו אחוז בכסא כבודי וחזור להן תשובה אמר לפניו רבונו של עולם תורה שאתה נותן לי מה כתיב בה אנכי ה' אלהיך אשר הוצאתיך מארץ מצרים אמר להן למצרים ירדתם לפרעה השתעבדתם תורה למה תהא לכם שוב מה כתיב בה לא יהיה לך אלהים אחרים בין עמים אתם שרויין שעובדין {עבודה זרה} שוב מה כתיב בה זכור את יום השבת לקדשו כלום אתם עושים מלאכה שאתם צריכין שבות שוב מה כתיב בה לא תשא משא ומתן יש ביניכם שוב מה כתיב בה כבד את אביך ואת אמך אב ואם יש לכם שוב מה כתיב בה לא תרצח לא תנאף לא תגנוב קנאה יש ביניכם יצר הרע יש ביניכם What could ‘Torah’ Mean? אלו דברים שאדם אוכל פירותיהם בעולם הזה והקרן קיימת לו לעולם הבא: כיבוד אב ואם וגמילות חסדים... ותלמוד תורה כנגד כולם These are the things whose fruits a person enjoys in this world while the basic reward is held for the world to come. Honoring one’s parents, doing Chessed, and learning Torah is equal to all of them (Shabbat 127a) What could Heaven mean? From Will of God From God From heaven (literally) What could Torah Mean? Chumash10 Commandments Divine Will (Instruction) Written + Oral Law All future inferences + teachings All letters & inferences / received from Heaven itself Divine Instruction / Revelation CALEV BEN DOR

Different Positions: What does a Heretic Deny? Maximalist vs. Minimalist וְהַנֶּפֶשׁ אֲשֶׁר-תַּעֲשֶׂה בְּיָד רָמָה, מִן-הָאֶזְרָח וּמִן-הַגֵּר--אֶת-יְהוָה, הוּא מְגַדֵּף; וְנִכְרְתָה הַנֶּפֶשׁ הַהִוא, מִקֶּרֶב עַמָּהּ. כִּי דְבַר-יְהוָה בָּזָה, וְאֶת-מִצְוָתוֹ הֵפַר; הִכָּרֵת תִּכָּרֵת הַנֶּפֶשׁ הַהִוא, עונָה בָהּ. But the soul that acts defiantly, whether he be home-born or a stranger, the same blasphemes Hashem; and that soul shall be cut off from among his people. Because he has spurned the word of Hashem, and has broken His commandment; that soul shall utterly be cut off, for his sin is upon him. (Bamidbar 15: 30-31) ‘But the person who acts defiantly’ – that is who unmasks the face of Torah ‘that person shall be cut off’ that is the one who acts willfully, according to R Akiva. ‘Because he has spurned the word of Hashem’ - that is the Sadducee ‘and violated his commandment’ that is the Heretic. Another opinion - ‘he who has spurned the word of Hashem’ refers to one who says, all the Torah was of divine behest, except for one matter which Moses said of his own initiative. Rabbi Ishmael says. It refers to idolatry for he has spurned the first word and that was said at the divine behest through Moses, namely ‘I am the Lord your God, you shall have no other gods besides Me (Sifrei) תנו רבנן כי דבר ה' בזה ומצותו הפר הכרת תכרת זה האומר אין תורה מן השמים ד"א כי דבר ה' בזה זה אפיקורוס תניא אידך כי דבר ה' בזה זה האומר אין תורה מן השמים ואפילו אמר כל התורה כולה מן השמים חוץ מפסוק זה שלא אמרו הקדוש ברוך הוא אלא משה מפי עצמו זהו כי דבר ה' בזה ואפילו אמר כל התורה כולה מן השמים חוץ מדקדוק זה מקל וחומר זה מגזרה שוה זו זה הוא כי דבר ה' בזה רבי ישמעאל אומר זה העובד {עבודה זרה} מאי משמעה דתנא דבי ר' ישמעאל כי דבר ה' בזה זה המבזה דבור שנאמר לו למשה מסיני אנכי ה' אלהיך לא יהיה לך אלהים אחרים Our Rabbis taught: Because he has despised the word of the Lord, and has broken his commandment, that soul shall utterly be cut off: This refers to him who maintains that the Torah is not from Heaven. Another rendering: Because he has despised the word of the Lord, refers to an epikoros. Another [Beraita] taught: Because he has despised the word of the Lord — this refers to him who maintains that the Torah is not from Heaven. And even if he asserts that the whole Torah is from Heaven, excepting a particular verse, which [he maintains] was not uttered by God but by Moses himself, he is included in 'because he has despised the word of the Lord.' And even if he admits that the whole Torah is from Heaven, excepting a single point, a particular kal vechomer deduction or a certain gezerah shawah, — he is still included in 'because he has despised the word of the Lord'. R. Ishmael said: This refers to idolaters. How is this implied? — Even as the school of Ishmael taught: Because he hath despised the word of the Lord — this applies to one who despises the words spoken to Moses at Sinai, viz., I am the Lord your God … You shall have no other gods before me. (Sanhedrin 99a)