c.1750 – c CE Ch 13, pg. 151 Source: AP World History Crash Course by J.P. Harmon

Most dramatic change since the Neolithic Revolution

Western Europe’s governments Richest in the world (thank you Latin American gold and silver) Resulted in more efficient ways to: Transport goods Grow crops Defeat enemies Begins in Britain

The right type of natural resources iron coal good soil fast moving rivers natural harbors Social mobility possible with reality of invention “a nation of tinkerers” Banks loaned $$ (££)to inventors Geography

Britain had large number of skilled workers familiar with use of metal tools Contributed to the development of machines Enclosure Movement forced many farm workers to cities to look for work Workforce

ONLY Western Europe had ALL the necessary factors Incentive Materials Skilled labor Africa had more natural resources but not stable governments Ming China strong government and economy but not resources India & China tradition of invention but not the incentive Why Britain? Why not … anywhere else?

Mechanization of Textile Production Steam Engine (made water power obsolete) Fossile Fuels (Coal, later petroleum, internal combustion engine) Advancements in production of steel was lighter, stronger and more flexible (king of metals) Industrialization

US quick to follow GB with the invention of the cotton gin Single crop plantations (cotton, tobacco) and slavery flourished Northeast textile factories; south raw materials production Railroads By 1900 US world’s largest steel producer US Steel world’s 1 st billion $ company Industrialization Spreads: United States

Commodore Perry and the forced opening of Japan to world trade Japan responded by embracing societal, political and industrial change Used western technology to specialize in silk textiles Differing from western: Japanese government heavily involved in industry Industrialization Spreads: Japan

Russia’s progress NOT like US and Japan– slow to transform to industrialization Russian gov’t primary focus was to support the elite and the use of serfdom Russia frees serfs and seeks foreign investment in industry Becomes the top producer of steel Regardless, Russian economy still more like 15 th century with most peasants still based in agriculture Industrialization Spread: Russia

European invested in Latin American early industrialization Some railroads were built but LA remained mostly agricultural and serf based Single crop products: Coffee Bananas Wheat Beef sugar Industrialization Spreads: Latin America

England rules India India leading grower of cotton which England eagerly imported Some industry in India to create the thread and clot Industrialization Spreads: India

India Cotton production for GB Some Industry but not much till 19 th c. Ottoman Empire Limited progress China Peasant labor, hand made items, some industry (railroad) rejected Western things Africa Remained provider of raw materials Industrialization Spreads: Other Areas

Movement of workers from rural areas to cites in search of work due to Agricultural Revolution (loss of job) or desire of change Rise of wages caused factory work to be “man’s work” Efficiency required fewer workers (women and children no longer needed)  But children still used in agriculture and mining  Traditional Family structure emerges 19 th C.  In the “west” they establish compulsory education laws  Women gain right to vote (19 th a.) after WWII Wages rising brings about a new social class  Middle class Western Europe and the U.S.

Cities developed and grew bigger than ever in history Mass migration to cities caused deplorable conditions Overcrowded housing Pollution High crime rates These conditions lead to sweeping changes in gov’t policies Western Europe and the U.S.

Art and literature changed as well Left the Romantic era of art and shifted to Realism Invention of the camera Development of artistic style of Impressionism Deliberately unfocused scenes of nature Charles Dickens Oliver Twist David Copperfield A Christmas Carol Western Europe and the U.S.

Limited impact of Ind Rev Social structures and gender roles continued status quo Mass migration of Europeans to Latin America Japanese immigrants came to western South America as laborers Latin America

Global Markets demand machine-made goods Large banks loan $$ for foreign investments British East India & Dutch East India – first 2 United Fruit Corporation - bananas Exchange of goods & money caused economies to grow fast Established gold standard for world currencies

Steam  Gas Telephone & Telegraph & Radio Trolley Cars, Subways Automobile Modern Chemistry, Fertilizers Science & Medicine Clean water, Small Pox, Sterilization, Anesthetics, Aspirin 2 nd Industrial Revolution

Science and Faith cross Charles Darwin Natural selection Humans and apes have similar characteristics SOCIAL DARWINISM Wherein the superior races must naturally defeat inferior ones Science and Medicine

REVOLTS, REFORMS AND FAMINE Effects of the Industrial Revolution Huge changes in society from the Industrial Revolution resulted in unrest among the urban poor. Revolts from 1820s – 1840s tore through Europe with 2 goals: political freedom and economic opportunity

Pressure in Cities and Factories Overcrowding cities created many problems Disease, scarce housing and unemployment Lower classes suffered the most Government leaders slow to respond to calls for reform for what ever the reason… Mid 19 th c, political pressure from middle class to help the urban poor Poor working conditions, long hours, low pay

Calls for Change European activists rallied the urban poor to protest Middle class urged to use new voting rights to help the working class Women still have no suffrage Labor unions begin to form Illegal until late 19 th c in Europe

Socialism Karl Marx Considered the most radical 1848, wrote “Communist Manifesto” Demanded the overthrow of the “haves” by the “have nots” Bourgeoisie proletariat Dreamed of the creation of classless society where ALL were politically, socially, economically equal

Effects Middle class didn’t support the urban poor as planned But did cause change Police services Cleaner water (London) Built public housing (Paris) Unemployment and social security benefits (Germany)

Irish Famine Diseased produce delivered to Ireland Potato Blight Spread rapidly through Ireland Killed about 1 million, another million migrated to US Caused increased support in Europe for government programs to aid the poor as general policy

Enlightenment Scientific Rev sparked the idea that the human condition could be improved by applying rational thought Enlightenment principles based on: Individual equality Voltaire & Rousseau All men created equal; none should be treated different than another because of birth King is not automatically “better” than a commoner American Declaration of Independence based on these ideas

American Revolution First place Enlightenment principles were applied on a large scale Effects of the American Rev Gave encouragement to others that a group of colonies could overthrow their mother country Some say that the AR was not revolutionary at all since elites were still in power after But the opposite can also be argued that even with slavery, the US was still the most democratic government in the world

French Revolution Not a colonial struggle, kind of like a civil war with different goals Many stages of the revolution Constitutional monarchy Execution of the king Republic Dictatorship disguised as Empire

French Revolution Much more violent than American Great Fear Reign of Terror guillotine

Napoleon Claimed to be a child of the Enlightenment…HA!!! Military dictator Enacted some beneficial reforms Overturned many monarchies throughout Europe Defeated by a European coalition Congress of Vienna Redrew the boundaries of Europe Created several new nations

Haiti On the heels of the French Revolution Saint Dominigue Slave revolt led by Toussaint Louverture Napoleon sent an army to quash the rebellion, but failed Napoleon decided that keeping the colony was too expensive anyway and gave up

Haiti Results: Establishment of the 2 nd republic Haiti never really economically successful because large crops of sugar and coffee destroyed and replaced by small unprofitable farms

Latin America Haitian success inspired the rest of LA colonies to attempt revolt Simon Bolivar and other upper class Creole elites helped LA colonies gain independence LA had few educated people and a huge gap between elite and poor

Latin America Elite remained in power making establishing stable governments difficult Little social and economic change for the non-elites Women’s rights frequently discussed but less frequently enacted

c – c CE

Cause of Imperialism Nationalism Sense of pride and devotion to one’s country Powerful factor in empire-building Unofficial competition for territory Catch up The Industrial Revolution Western nations used products of the Industrial Revolution to gain the upper hand of Africans Western Europeans reached the interior of Africa for the first time

Industrial Revolution Economic Control of world markets spread from just governments to include multinational corporations Economic stakes higher in “new” imperialism because amount and value greater Europeans saw Africa and Asia as potential markets for their goods (products of the Industrial Revolution)

Industrial Revolution “The White Man’s Burden” White Europeans believed they were doing the people in Africa, Asia and Oceania a favor Bringing the unfortunate of the world (non-Europeans) technology was noble Medicine Education Christianity Rudyard Kipling “The White Man’s Burden” poem

Imperialism in Africa European Imperialism in Africa before the 19 th Century Classical era (600 BCE – 600 CE) Mediterranean coast North of Sahara 16 th century Portuguese set up military outposts along both coasts but NO colonies Dutch East India Company establish a colony at Cape Town, South Africa

Imperialism in Africa Early 19 th Century, Britain began to send settlers to South Africa Causing tension with Dutch settlers “Boers” Increased already existing tension with native 1830s France colonized Algeria and then most of NW Africa Belgium began the “scramble” in 1880s in central Africa in The Congo By 1914 all by 2 areas controlled by Europeans

Scramble for Africa Started by King Leopold of Belgium in the 1880s European countries tried to then out-do the others Met at the Berlin Conference of Effectively divided Africa (without the consent of Africans) like a pizza

Berlin Conference

Imperialism in Asia & Pacific Much more difficult to bring under European control Asian gov’ts more stable Ottoman Empire had large military Japan also major power in Pacific China was not desired for territory but economic reasons

Imperialism in Asia & Pacific Britain in India “Jewel in the Crown” Britain won the Seven Years’ War with France and gained their overseas holdings Canada Much of South Asia (with help of the British East India Company)

Imperialism in Asia & Pacific Britain in India “Jewel in the Crown” East India Co. folded and Brit gov’t began direct control of India Remained of 1947 Also extended their control to Malaysia, Singapore and several islands

U.S. Imperialism “Manifest Destiny” “Sea to Shining Sea” Louisiana Purchase s war with Mexico for Texas and Pacific coast territory south of Canada Alaska from Russia1867 (“Seward’s Folly) Several Pacific Islands (refueling stations) by 1900 Spanish-American War gained Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico Annexed Hawaii

German Imperialism Established in 1871 Primary goal was to catch up with other European countries particularly Britain Germany hosted the Berlin Conference for ulterior motives To gain colonies in Africa Also gained islands in South Pacific Marshalls, Solomons, Carolines, W. Samoa

Japanese Imperialism Meiji Restoration changed make-up of gov’t in 1860s Proved to be eager of become more Westernized Began aggressively to create their empire Sino-Japanese War 1890s Gained Korea Russo-Japanese War1905 Gained Manchuria

Africa Scramble for Africa 1885 Peaceful division of African territory among European countries Little to no concern for African people Social Darwinism “superior” civilizations deserved to conquer those considered “inferior”

Africa Britain attempted to connect colonies in North Africa with those in South Africa “from Capetown to Cairo” Cecil Rhodes

Africa Social efforts mixed Christianity spread in sub-Saharan Africa but not in Muslim held North Attempts to “civilize” with clothing and education Some African elites sent to Europe for education European literature reflects “civilizing” themes Tarzan Heart of Darkness

Asia and the Pacific Not as impactful in this era because of previous contact Variety of methods used to gain control Malaysia treaties with local rulers = indirect control France used combination military force and diplomacy to control SE Asia

Asia and the Pacific England in India used “Sepoys” of control native population Native Indian military forces Generally loyal to Britain Deviated from this in 18..s

Opium Wars in China Britain wanted to trade more w/China China refused Britain began smuggling opium into China China protested, went to war and lose China forced to sign several unfair treaties that increased Britain’s economic presence Britain gained the island of Hong Kong

Opium Wars in China This resulted in other imperial nations to do the same in China Created “Spheres of Influence” Individual areas of exclusive trading rights in China “Open Door Policy” Proposed by US (because they didn’t have a SoI Resulted in a trading free for all

Asia and the Pacific Christian missionaries less effective in Asia than in Africa European literature reflected the lure of the exotic “White Man’s Burden” Jungle Book

Reaction in Africa Variety of African reactions to European Imperialism Violent, warfare Reluctant acceptance Full cooperation Warfare French spent YEARS subduing local rebellions Dutch Boers in South Africa rebelled against British colonial power (Boer War) British battled Zulus in southern Africa; Muslims in Sudan Reluctant acceptance OR full cooperation Other Africans signed treaties and acted as guides/interpreters Ruling African elite families cooperated with Europeans for financial gain Many of these elites went to Europe for education and returned to begin independence movements

Reaction in Asia Same pattern as in Africa Rebellion, reluctant or full cooperation Military resistance In Afghanistan (Brits) In Philippines (US) China (all foreigners): Taiping, Boxer Rebellion Military Resistance India (Brits) Sepoy = Indian soldiers employed by Brits Took Brits a year to quell rebellion End of Mughal Dynasty End of indirect Brit rule in India Beginning of direct control; British raj

Reaction in Asia Cooperation Many Indian soldiers remained loyal to British government after the Sepoy Rebellion Siam (Thailand) invited Brit representatives in to help “westernize” Siam Anna and the King The King and I