Finding Locations on Earth 3.1 Section 1 Finding Locations on Earth Finding Locations on Earth 3.1

The Earth is a unique system. How do we navigate around the Everything on Earth can be located using a large array of lines that create a grid covering the world.

Latitude and Longitude Section 1 Finding Locations on Earth Latitude and Longitude The earth is divided into lots of lines called latitude and longitude.

Lines Longitude lines run north and south. Section 1 Finding Locations on Earth Lines Longitude lines run north and south. Latitude lines run east and west. The lines measure distances in degrees. Longitude Latitude

Latitude- (rungs of a ladder) Section 1 Finding Locations on Earth Latitude- (rungs of a ladder) Halfway between the poles, a circle called the equator divides Earth into the North and Southern Hemispheres. Minutes and Seconds Each degree of latitude consists of 60 equal parts, called minutes. One minute (symbol: ‘) of latitude equals 1.85 km. In turn, each minute is divided into 60 equal parts, called seconds (symbol: “).

Section 1 Finding Locations on Earth Chapter 3 Parallels

Where is 0 degree? Equator The equator is 0 degree latitude. Section 1 Finding Locations on Earth Where is 0 degree? The equator is 0 degree latitude. It is an imaginary belt that runs halfway point between the North Pole and the South Pole. Equator

Longitude (“long” lines) Section 1 Finding Locations on Earth Longitude (“long” lines) meridian any semicircle that runs north and south around Earth from the geographic North Pole to the geographic South Pole; a line of longitude longitude the angular distance east or west from the prime meridian; expressed in degrees

Section 1 Finding Locations on Earth Chapter 3 Meridians

Section 1 Finding Locations on Earth P R I M E D A N Where is 0 degree? The prime meridian is 0 degrees longitude. This imaginary line runs through the United Kingdom, France, Spain, western Africa, and Antarctica.

Great Circle Any circle that divides the globe into halves, or marks the circumference of the globe The great-circle distance is the shortest distance between any two points on the surface of a sphere (airline routes)

Section 1 Finding Locations on Earth Chapter 3 Great Circles

Great Circles, continued Section 1 Finding Locations on Earth Chapter 3 Great Circles, continued Reading Check Why is the equator the only parallel that is a great circle?

Section 1 Finding Locations on Earth

Finding Direction Chapter 3 Section 1 Finding Locations on Earth Chapter 3 Finding Direction One way to find direction on Earth is to use a magnetic compass. The areas on Earth’s surface just above where the poles of the imaginary magnet would be are called the geomagnetic poles. The geomagnetic poles and the geographic poles are located in different places.

Finding Direction, continued Section 1 Finding Locations on Earth Chapter 3 Finding Direction, continued The diagram below shows the magnetic declination of the United States. (digital compasses

Mapping Earths Surface Chapter 3 Section 2 Mapping Earths Surface A map is a flat representation of Earth’s curved surface. A map is any concrete or abstract representation of the features that occur on or near the surface of the earth or other celestial bodies Cartography is the art, science, and technology of making maps, together with their study as scientific documents and works of art

Reading a Map Direction on a Map Chapter 3 Section 2 Mapping Earth’s Surface Reading a Map Direction on a Map Many maps also include a compass rose or arrow. The cardinal directions are north, south, east, and west. The intermediate directions are northeast, southeast, southwest and northwest. Orientation

Orientation example North arrow

Chapter 3 Section 2 Mapping Earth’s Surface Symbols Symbols are commonly used on maps to represent features such as cities, highways, rivers, and other points of interest. Symbols may resemble the features that they represent, or they may be more abstract. Symbols are commonly explained in a legend. legend a list of map symbols and their meanings

Chapter 3 Map Scales Section 2 Mapping Earth’s Surface scale the relationship between the distance shown on a map and the actual distance Scales can be… Graphic scale: Representative fraction: Word statement:

Chapter 3 Map Scales Section 2 Mapping Earth’s Surface Ratio of the distance on the map to the distance on the ground Graphic: Stays the same when photocopied Might not be right for the whole map

Map Scales 2. Representative fraction or ratio: 1:24,000 Chapter 3 Map Scales Section 2 Mapping Earth’s Surface 2. Representative fraction or ratio: 1:24,000 Units don’t matter Can change if photocopied

Map Scales 3. Verbal: 1 inch equals 10 miles Easy to understand Chapter 3 Map Scales Section 2 Mapping Earth’s Surface 3. Verbal: 1 inch equals 10 miles Easy to understand Can change if photocopied

Scale example scale

Section 3 Types of Maps

Map Categories 1.) Topographic Maps (we will only cover) 2.) Geologic Maps (Page 66) 3.) Soil Maps (Page 67)

Elevation on Topographic Maps Chapter 3 Section 3 Types of Maps Elevation on Topographic Maps All points on a contour line have the same elevation. Contour lines separate points of higher elevation from points of lower elevation. Contours never cross. Steep slopes have closely spaced contour lines, gentle slopes have widely spaced contour lines.

Topographic Map 20 ft contour 700 ft contour Gentle slope Steep slope

Landforms on Topographic Maps Chapter 3 Section 3 Types of Maps Landforms on Topographic Maps Contour lines that converge represent a vertical cliff. Uniformly spaced lines represents a uniform slope. A series of closed contours represents a hilltop unless they are hachured inward, which would indicate a depression. Hachured lines represents a closed depression. Contour lines that curves in a v shape is pointing upstream.

Topographic Maps, continued Chapter 3 Section 3 Types of Maps Topographic Maps, continued The diagram below shows how topographic maps represent landforms.

Topographic Maps, continued Chapter 3 Section 3 Types of Maps Topographic Maps, continued The diagram below shows how topographic maps represent landforms.

Topographic Map Symbols Chapter 3 Section 3 Types of Maps Topographic Map Symbols Symbols are used to show certain features on topographic maps. Symbol color indicates the type of feature. Black - Man made features Red – Major highways, Blue – Water features Green – Vegetation Brown – Contour lines, spot elevation

Contour interval 100 feet