Introduction:

 Geography: The study of the physical features of the earth and its atmosphere, and of human activity as it affects and is affected by these.

 What does Canada mean to you?  Think.....  Landscapes: Natural and human features that you can see in an area( mountains, rivers, lakes, farms, fishing stages)  Place: Any point on the earth that can be defined (CN Tower, Joe’s House, Terra Nova Park, or under a shady tree)

 Canada is the second largest country in the world

 Relative Location: Locating in relation to something else.  I live by the water.  The park is by the school  Gambo is close to Gander

 Absolute Location: Using Latitude to pinpoint a location  Latitude: Lines that run in the same direction as the equator. Measuring distance N or S  Longitude: Lines that pass through both poles. Measuring distance E or W of prime meridian.

 We have seasons because Earth is tilted on its axis.  If tilted away from the sun we have winter  If tilted toward the sun we have summer  In spring and fall we are neutral.

 Region: A part of the earth’s surface that has characteristics different than other areas  Canada’s Landform Regions: 1. Western Cordillera 2. Interior Lowlands 3. Arctic Lowlands 4. Innutian Mountains 5. Canadian Shield 6. Hudson Bay Lowlands 7. Appalachian Mountains 8. Great Lakes- St. Lawrence Lowlands

 Rocks  Igneous Rock: Formed when magma cools Basalt Granite

 Sedimentary: Formed by layers of sediment becoming compacted Banded iron formation Travertine

 Metamorphic: Formed when sedimentary or igneous rocks are subjected to heat and pressure and change

 Plate Tectonics: The movement of Earth’s crustal plates Plate Tectonics  Plates: Large pieces of Earth’s crust that move.  Plates are moved by currents in the mantle  Where plates meet mountains are formed  Plate Tectonics Video Plate Tectonics Video

 Faults: Cracks in the earth where plates meet  Tension: Force that happens when plates move apart  Normal Fault: Fault that happens when plates move away from each other

 Compression: Force that occurs when plates collide  Reverse Fault: Type of fault that occurs when plates meet

 Folding: When forces of compression cause the earth’s crust to fold  Folding is the cause of most of the mountains in Canada

 Appalachian Mountains formed more than 300 million years ago from the collision of the North American Plate with the African and European Plates  Canada’s Western mountains were formed 65 million years ago mostly from the Pacific and North American plates

 Forces that wear down a landscape  Weathering: The breaking down of rocks into smaller particles by wind, water, ice, plant roots, and some chemical reactions  Erosion: The movement of broken up particles to other places

 The landscape that we know in Canada has been shaped by glaciers  Glaciers are key components in erosion and deposition  Deposition: the laying down of earth materials  As glaciers move they pick up materials  As they melt they drop them  Glacier Video Glacier Video

 Canada was covered by ice years ago.  Laurentide Ice Sheet Laurentide Ice Sheet  Glaciers are responsible for  Carving out the Great Lakes  Depositing material on the Lowlands  Carved valleys  Dug lakes in Newfoundland and Labrador  Fjords

 Interactions: Influences that people or things have on each other.  Nature has an impact on people  People have an impact on the environment  People have an impact on people

Interactions: Influences that people or things have on each other. Nature has an impact on people People have an impact on the environment People have an impact on people

Sustainability We need to study interactions in the environment to make sure they are sustainable!! Managing natural resources to make sure enough is left to last for the future What are some examples of sustainable resource uses????

 Nature affects where and how we live!!!  Earthquake  Tsunami  Volcano  Flood  Tornado  Hurricane

 Topographic Map: A map that shows natural and human features on the earth and the relationship between them.  Used to:  Find distance  Plan routes  Plan where to build a building  Find the best way to resolve environmental issues.

 Four Digit Grid System: Locating system that uses four digits to locate general areas on a map.  First two digits are East, West, the second two are North, South  Six Digit Grid System: Locating system that uses six digits to locate specific areas on a map.  First three digits are E-W the second three are N- S.

 Easting: Number on the map that gives position east or west What is the Easting for?  A:  B:  C:  D:

 Northing: Number on the map that gives position north or South What is the Northing for?  A:  B:  C:  D:

 What is the six digit location for  A:  B:  C:  D:

 Elevation: The height above sea level of a piece of land  Relief: The difference in elevation or slope between two areas of land  Contour Line: A line on a map that marks elevation  Contour Line : The difference in elevation between contour lines on a map

 Symbols on a Map  Point Symbol: A standard point symbol that marks all features of one kind on a map regardless of size.  Line Symbol: A standard linear symbol that marks all features of one kind on a map regardless of width  Area Symbol: A standard symbol on a map that shows an area is covered with a particular feature.

 Features  Compass Rose: feature on a map that enables you to tell direction  Scale: The ratio between the map and actual size  Large Scale: Shows a small area in higher detail  Small Scale: Shows a larger area in lower detail  Ratio Scale: may be listed as a ratio 1:1000  Linear Scale: Scale may be given as a line that represents a distance  Statement of Scale: There may be a statement saying how much each centimeter on the map is in actual distance.  Legend: Area on a map the explains what the symbols represent in reality.

 Improving quality of living in a way that uses resources wisely and makes sure there is some left for the future. To make using oil more sustainable we might Invest the profits in solar or wind energy Use public transit Car pool Research other fuels

 Planning to create sustainable communities often focuses on bioregions Bioregion: Small local region with distinct natural features (climate, soils, plants, animals, landforms) The bioregion you are in is usually determined by your watershed. Watershed: The drainage basin that collects all of the rain water that falls in your area.

 Geography will teach you: Where things are located The imprints and patterns made by features (Human and Natural) And why these patterns change Economic, Social and environmental consequences of change The connection between people and their environment To find solutions for challenges