Canadian Geography 1202 Chapter 11: Energy

Background ► Canadians are among the highest energy consumers in the world. ► Why is this so?  Cold Climate  Scattered Population  Transportation Needs  Industrial needs

The Oil Resource ► What do we use oil for?  Plastic  Fuel  Home heating oil  Industrial lubricants  Food Products

Energy and the Economy ► Energy production is important to the Canadian economy. ► Makes up about 7% of Canada’s Gross Domestic Product.  Gross Domestic Product is the value of all goods and services produced in the country. ► Employs over people in a variety of industries  Finding, transporting, processing and distributing oil.

Canadian Energy Use ► Canada consumes about 2.6% of the worlds energy. (Much more than our share) ► Different provinces have different energy demands. ► Ontario uses the most energy, while Alberta uses the most energy per person. ► Why do you think this would be so? ► Page 211

Canadian Energy Use

Per Person Oil Consumption ► Read page 207. ► Do questions: ► 1. a, b ► 2. a, b, c, d

The Oil Resource ► Nonrenewable Resources:  Nonrenewable resources are those that cannot be replaced by any natural means. ► Fossil Fuels:  Formed from the remains of plant and animal life that once lived in tropical swamps or shallow areas. (Petroleum, natural gas, and coal)  Fuels form in sedimentary basins  These basins are found everywhere in canada except for the shield, and the mountains to the west and the east

Map Activity ► Using the base map of Canada outline and color the following sedimentary basins  Western Canada  Cordilleran  Beaufort Sea-Mackenzie Delta  Artic Islands  Eastern Canada-Offshore  St. Lawrence  Hudson Bay

Petroleum ► Oil was formed on the decomposing bodies of Plankton buried in the mud of shallow seas ► Over millions of years chemical reactions cause organisms to liquefy into small drops of petroleum ► Drops are squeezed out of source rocks into more porous reservoir rocks (Limestone, Sandstone) ► Oil floats on ground water in the rocks and forms concentrated petroleum traps ► Impervious, or solid rock known as a cap rock keeps oil down while the water pushes it up

Natural Gas Traps ► There are four common natural gas traps  Fold trap  Fault trap  Salt dome trap  Limestone relief trap  See page 216 in your text book.

Fold Trap

Fault Trap

Salt Dome Trap

Limestone Relief Trap

Types of Oil Fields ► There are two basic types of oil fields. ► Conventional Oil Field: Oil flows from the ground due to natural pressure. ► Non-Conventional Oil Field: Uses some new technology to extract oil from fields that do not naturally produce oil.

Conventional Oil Field

Non-Conventional Oil Fields ► Pumping Technology: Allows for oil to be pumped from the ground were natural pressure does not Oil Derricks

Non-Conventional Oil Fields ► The Athabasca oil sands:  Second largest oil deposit in the world.  Cover an area almost as large as New Brunswick  160 Billion cubic meters of crude oil  Sands are thick black and sticky, due to the oil  It is costly to separate the oil from the sand

Non-Conventional Oil Fields

Non-Conventional Oil Field

Offshore Drilling Platforms ► There are four types of offshore drilling platforms.  Submersible (Platform)  Jack-up  Anchored semi-submersible  Dynamically positioned semi-submersible ► See Page 223 in your text.

Offshore Drilling Platforms ► Submersible (Platform):  Built of concrete or steel.  Anchored to the seabed.  Economically feasible in water up to 520m deep.

Offshore Drilling Platforms ► Submersible:  Advantages: ► Stability ► Safety ► Tend to be massive with room for Production, crew quarters, and drilling.  Disadvantages: ► Expensive ► Not reusable

Offshore Drilling Platforms ► Jack Up: Designed to move from place to place  Deploys legs to anchor itself  Used at relatively low water levels

Oil Drilling Platforms ► Jack Up:  Advantages: ► Moveable ► Economically Feasible ► Reusable  Disadvantages: ► Cannot operate in deep water like other platforms

Oil Drilling Platforms ► Dynamically Positioned Semi-Submersible:  Have pontoons that allow for the rig to float.  But are heavy enough to keep the rig floating upright  Uses thrusters to remain in position  Effective in areas where water is between 180m and 1800m deep

Oil Drilling Platforms

► Dynamically Positioned Semi-Submersible:  Advantages: ► Moveable ► Can be used in deep water  Disadvantages: ► Bad weather often causes problems ► Unsafe? Ocean Ranger

Oil Drilling Platforms ► Anchored Semi-Submersible:  Usually towed into a particular location  Legs filled to a point with water for stability  Anchored to the sea floor so that it does not move out of place

Oil Drilling Platform ► Anchored Drilling Platform:  Advantages: ► Operate in deep sea ► Cost effective ► Has some space for crew and production but not as big as platform  Disadvantages: ► Not as easily moved

Ocean ranger semi submersible

Ocean Ranger was at the time of its sinking the largest oil platform in the world. A rouge wave broke portlights in the ballast control room, flooding it, and disabling the system. Hours later a combination of poor weather and ill trained attempts to fix the ballast system resulted in the rig capsizing. 1 - Draupner wave height for comparison ft/8.5 m ballast control room's level above the sea 3 - Location of the room itself

Ocean Ranger: On 15 February 1982, the world's largest semisubmersible drill rig, Ocean Ranger capsized and sank in a fierce storm on the Grand Banks with the loss of all 84 crew members.

Economic Benefits of Oil ► A story close to home  million barrels in 2007 ► Terra-Nova, White Rose, Hibernia  Total value of production $10.3 billion ► Creates Jobs in many fields  Not only those directly involved with pumping oil.

Jobs Fields Related to Oil Industry Coatings, insulation Hydraulic, pumps and compressors Lifting/crane operations Rigging Fluids and chemicals Lighting Marine safety equipment Flowlines, valves and fittings Oilfield industrial supplies Equipment rentals Cargo and Freight Handling Catering and accommodations Offshore/marine fabrication Engineering and design consultants Environmental consultants Medical services Seismic and survey Tubular goods Leak detection Electrical/instrumentation personnel & services Testing and inspection Remote Operated Vehicle support Health and safety Drilling Well services Subsea Opt., maint. & const. personnel Warehousing and logistics Marine logistics & transportation Oil shipment & storage Oil Companies Sub-Contractors Contractors

Newfoundland’s Oil Production

Case Study ► Read “Offshore oil: Hibernia” on page 222  Answer Questions 19a, 20 a b c.

A Day in the Life of an Oil Worker

Environmental Concerns