IntroductionIntroduction center.dk/re Literature Review Clouds cover about 70 % of the earth Clouds cover about 70 % of the earth Low Level Clouds (LCC) are responsible for reflecting back short wave radiationLow Level Clouds (LCC) are responsible for reflecting back short wave radiation The overall Albedo of Earth is about 30 %The overall Albedo of Earth is about 30 % GCR are charged that penetrate earth’s atmosphere from outer space.GCR are charged that penetrate earth’s atmosphere from outer space. Primarily consisting of about 89 % hydrogen (protons), 10% helium, and about 1 % other elementsPrimarily consisting of about 89 % hydrogen (protons), 10% helium, and about 1 % other elements Fig 4. Ionization dominates aerosol production and growth rates when ionization levels are low and trace gas concentrations are high, such is found in the lower atmosphere ( Yu, 2000) Fig 3.The top curve is the cosmic ray flux from the neutron monitor in Climax, Colorado (1953, ). Middle curve is the annual mean variation in Cosmic Ray flux as measured by ionization chambers ( ). The Bottom curve represents the relative sunspot number (Svesnmark, 2000). Fig.2: The blue line represents variations in global cloud cover correlated by the ISCCP. The red line represents recorded monthly variations in GCR flux at the Huancayo station. A 2% change in LCC during a solar cycle will change the heat input to the Earth's surface by 1.2 watts per square meter (W/m2). This compares to the total warming of 1.4 W/m 2 the IPCC cites in the 20th century. (Usoskin, 2006) Fig. 1: Total monthly global cloud cover is plotted against the monthly global surface air temperature, since July High values of global cloud cover is associated with low global temperatures, demonstrating the cooling effect of clouds (Butler, 2004)Fig. 1: Total monthly global cloud cover is plotted against the monthly global surface air temperature, since July High values of global cloud cover is associated with low global temperatures, demonstrating the cooling effect of clouds (Butler, 2004) Null: An insignificant correlation will exist between GCR flux and LCC therefore having little significance in modulating the surface temperatures of the North Atlantic Region Null: An insignificant correlation will exist between GCR flux and LCC therefore having little significance in modulating the surface temperatures of the North Atlantic Region Alternate: A significant correlation will exist between GCR flux and LCC and therefore will play a primary role in modulating the surface temperatures of the North Atlantic RegionAlternate: A significant correlation will exist between GCR flux and LCC and therefore will play a primary role in modulating the surface temperatures of the North Atlantic Region HYPOTHESIS LCC formation due to GCR induced ionization provide the physical mechanism linking solar variability and climate LCC formation due to GCR induced ionization provide the physical mechanism linking solar variability and climate GCR are primarily responsible for all ionization bellow 35 kmGCR are primarily responsible for all ionization bellow 35 km CRII : Ions created by GCR interact with the atmosphere interact with atmospheric molecules and are converted into aerosols (complex cluster ions) which may act as CNN Cosmic Rays LEAVE SPACE FOR ABSTRACT The Effect of Clouds on Earth’s Radiation Budget Aerosol Formation

DiscussionDiscussion LimitationsLimitations Work Cited Future Studies Dickinson, Robert E., Solar variability and the lower atmosphere, Bull. Am. Met. Soc., 56, #12, Dickinson, Robert E., Solar variability and the lower atmosphere, Bull. Am. Met. Soc., 56, #12, Farrar, Paul D., Do cosmic rays influence oceanic cloud coverage - Or is it only El Niño?, Climatic Change, 47, 7-15.Farrar, Paul D., Do cosmic rays influence oceanic cloud coverage - Or is it only El Niño?, Climatic Change, 47, Friis-Christensen, Eigil, Sun, clouds and climate, Climatic Change, 47, 1-5.Friis-Christensen, Eigil, Sun, clouds and climate, Climatic Change, 47, 1-5. Gierens, Klaus, and Ponater, Michael, Comment on "Variation of cosmic ray flux and global cloud coverage - a missing link in solar- climate relationships" by H. Svensmark and E. Friis-Christensen (1997), J. Atm. & Solar-Terr. 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J. of Climatology., 21, Issue 6, Further research on the physical link between GCR and low cloud ionizationFurther research on the physical link between GCR and low cloud ionization The significance of ionic charge on electroscavenging in the lower atmosphere for LCC formation The significance of ionic charge on electroscavenging in the lower atmosphere for LCC formation Plausible errors in the ISCCP cloud data, as the satellite IR channels since they are incapable of distinguishing are not able to distinguish low clouds from underlying surfaces which have the similar temperatures Plausible errors in the ISCCP cloud data, as the satellite IR channels since they are incapable of distinguishing are not able to distinguish low clouds from underlying surfaces which have the similar temperatures inaccurate classification of clouds by satellite detectors inaccurate classification of clouds by satellite detectors difficulties in estimating the net change I radiaitive forcing of a clouds over surface temperatures ( limited models) difficulties in estimating the net change I radiaitive forcing of a clouds over surface temperatures ( limited models) Results showed the most significant correlations between LCC and GCR at the latitudes 42 degrees and above due to the presence of clouds in their liquid phase Results showed the most significant correlations between LCC and GCR at the latitudes 42 degrees and above due to the presence of clouds in their liquid phase However, results also showed seemingly weak correlations at latitudes below 30 degrees However, results also showed seemingly weak correlations at latitudes below 30 degrees Data shows a strong GCR dependence upon latitude and longitude due to the presence of clouds in their liquid state ( favorable to electroscavenging)Data shows a strong GCR dependence upon latitude and longitude due to the presence of clouds in their liquid state ( favorable to electroscavenging) ConclusionsConclusions Results rejected the alternate hypothesis and supported the null hypothesis Results rejected the alternate hypothesis and supported the null hypothesis Ultimately suggesting that GCR play a minimal role in modulating surface temperatures of the North Atlantic Region and therefore anthropogenic causes remain the primary driver of global warming as previously believed Ultimately suggesting that GCR play a minimal role in modulating surface temperatures of the North Atlantic Region and therefore anthropogenic causes remain the primary driver of global warming as previously believed Pallé Bagó, E., and Butler, C. 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