From Quantity to Quality: A “New Normal” for Chinese MPA Education Dr. Lan Xue, Professor and Dean School of Public Policy and Management Tsinghua University April 13,

Outline  The background  The evolution of Chinese PA education;  New normal and new challenges Mission: teaching, research, policy impact Faculty: interdisciplinary and balance Curriculum: theories, tools, management skills Finance: education and research Community: national and international  Accreditation: to be or not to be? 2

I. Background  Four major transformations in China since 1979 ： Economic system:  planning=>market; industrial structure ：  Agriculture + manufacturing=> manufacturing + service Society:  rural=>urban ； closed=>open ； governance system ：  charisma and authority=>participation and rule of law 3

Economy: planning=>market 4

Industrial structure (I+II=>II+III)  Agriculture GDP=>1980=30% => 2000=14.8% => 2013=10.0% Labor>1981=68.1%= 》 2012=33.6%  Manufacturing GDP=> 1980=49% => 2000=45.9% => 2013=43.9% Labor=>1981=18.3%= 》 2012=30.0%  Service: GDP: 1980=21% => 2000=39.3% => 2013=46.1% Labor: 1981=13.6%= 》 2012=36.1% 5

Society: rural + closed=>urban + open  rural =>urban (see graphs) urban population=> 1982=20.6% => 2013=53.7%  closed =>open Self reliance)=> Largest Trading part  Attracting FDI 2005=$ 26.5 billion => 2012 =$87.8 billion  International trade=% of GDP 1978=10% => 2013 =45% Overseas Travel ：  2000=10.47 million 2014=>100 million 6

Governance=>participation and rule of law  Government Administrative reforms ； Reorientation of functions ； Expanded public services ； Anti-corruption ；  Civil Society & Grassroots democracy NGO development; Village election ； public participation in policy process;  Reform in the legal system …… 7

I. Background—new normal  Economic growth based on scale expansion and export is running out of steam Trade surplus unsustainable ； Domestic demands yet to be fully tapped; marginal benefits of public investment is declining ； …… 8

 Constraints in natural resources and environment have become prevalent: China’s per capita arable land, water, oil and natural gas is 40%, 25%, 8.3% and 4.1% of world average; Environmental pollution has reached an alarming level;  Industrial solid waste totals 2 billion tons annually,; Extreme weather conditions are happening more frequently. 9

 Social values and cohesion: Inequality is still widespread; The widespread of IT and social media has changed public’s understanding and expectation of public affairs ; How to regain the trust of the public on government? How to build social consensus based on diverse social values? How to build social infrastructure based on tradition, family, communities and social organizations? 10

The historical calling for PA to play a central role in China’s development  To a certain degree, China’s development over the last 30 years has been guided by neoclassic economics. Now it is the time for public administration to play its role;  The reform decision made at the 3 rd plenum of the 18 th Party Congress announced that the objective of the reform is to promote the modernization of the governing institutions and capacities of the country;  This is a historical opportunity for PA field to make its distinctive contribution in China’s future development, are we ready? 11

II. A Review of PA Education in China  China’s PA education started in 1930s, but stopped almost completely from 1952 to early 1980s. It began to revive since Academic programs (1982—2001)  Undergraduate programs and graduate programs started; MPA trial development ( )  : preparation  2001: first cohort MPA students were admitted in 24 trial programs  2003: doctoral program in PA started in 6 universities. MPA expansion and development (2006-)  Teaching evaluation was conducted in 2006  Further expansion followed. 12

The evaluation of the 2 nd batch of 13 eligible universities was accomplished. The evaluation of the 2 nd batch of 10 eligible universities was accomplished. The evaluation of the 3 rd batch of 36 eligible universities was accomplished. The evaluation of the 4 th 17 and the 5 th 46 eligible universities is ongoing. The evaluation of the 1 st 24 eligible universities was accomplished. MPA Education Development in China 13

Year Enrollment only Conferred Certificate of Degree Enrollment Conferred both Diploma and Certificate of Degree Enrollment Number of Students Degrees of Conferred Summary MPA Education Development in China 14

MPA Education Development in China 15

The Geographical Distribution of Chinese MPA Colleges RegionNumber of MPA Colleges North China 52 Northeast China 24 East China 66 South China 43 Southwest China 23 Northwest China 17 Summary 225 Northeast China East China North China Northwest China Southwest China South China 16

The Number Professional DegreeThe Approved Year The Number Professional Degree The Approved Year 1 Master of Business Administration （ MBA ） Master of Public Health （ MPH ） Master of Architecture （ M. Arch ） Master of Military Juris Master （ JM ） Master of Professional Accounting （ MPAcc ） Master of Education （ Ed. M ） Master of Science in Physical Education （ MSPE ） Master of Engineering （ ME ） Master of Fine Arts （ MFA ） Master of Medicine （ M ． M ．） Master of Landscape Architecture （ MLA ） agricultural extension master （ MAE ） Master of Teaching Chinese to Speakers of Other Languages （ MTCSOL ） Master of Veterinary Medicine （ VMM ） Master of Translation and Interpreting （ MTI ） Master of Public Administration （ MPA ） Master of Social Work （ MSW ） Master of Stomatological Medicine （ S ． M ． M ） Master of Finance (MF) 2010 Professional Graduate Degree Category in China 17

Professional Degree Category in China The Number Professional Degree The Approved Year The Number Professional Degree The Approved Year 21 Master of Applied Statistics （ M.A.S. ） Master of Urban Planning （ MUP ） Master of Taxation （ MT ） Master of Forestry （ MF ） Master of International Business (MIB) Master of Nursing Specialist （ MNS ） Master of Insurance (MI) Professional Master of Pharmacy （ M.Pharm ） Master of Valuation (MV) Master of Chinese Materia Medica （ MCMM ） Master of Policing （ MP ） Master of Tourism Administration （ MTA ） Master of Applied Psychology （ MAP ） Master of Library and Information Studies （ MLIS ） Master of Journalism and Communication （ MJC ） Master of Engineering Management （ MEM ） Master of Publishing （ MP ） Master of Auditing （ MAud ） Master of Cultural Heritage and Museology （ M.C.H.M ） Master of Chinese Medicine

III. New normal and new challenges in PA education  The changing (institutional) environment Anti-corruption campaign  Banning of cadres in EMBA; sharp reduction of income; Simplifying administration and delegation of authority  Do more with less Strengthening rule of law  Less room for innovation Rising expectation of citizens  Unsatisfied public becomes “new normal” The rise of social media  Asymmetric amplification The rise of MOOC  Do we really need all these professors? 19

Implications for MPA education  How do we respond to these changes, or should we change?  Should our mission change?  Does our traditional business model still work?  Does our teaching method work?  …… 20

 Mission of MPA education Leaders or managers? Government officials or NGO managers? Generalists or specialists?  Faculty: interdisciplinary and balance Disciplines: political science, economics, law, etc; Academic vs. practitioners Internationally trained vs. domestically trained; 21

 Curriculum: theories, tools, management skills What are the needs of the students? How to complement what they have?  Teaching material Text books (domestic vs. translation); Other teaching material such as cases  Academic community: national and international learning network (advisory board); Quality assurance (certification?); Lobbying groups for the benefits of the community  The need for the employers (the government) to recognize the value of MPA education! 22

Chinese MPA accreditation: to be or not to be?  Improve the quality of MPA education is the paramount concern of the community after the rapid expansion! Ministry of Education has issued many documents and regulations that we have to follow; MPA steering committee has also implemented many check-points to ensure conformity The deeper questions are:  What is quality? Is it coming from external pressures or internal calling? Is it outcome driven or process driven? Where is the right balance between internal vs external, process vs outcome? 23

Special Evaluation ： New eligible MPA universities obtained the degree authorization for 3 years and above; Conformity Evaluation ： Eligible MPA universities earned the degree authorization for 6 years and above. Once every six years National MPA Education Steering Committee is commissioned by Office of Academic Degrees Committee of the State Council to implement. Check the completeness of MPA universities training System, including teaching staff, talents cultivation, quality assurance, etc. Communication review, conference review, on the spot investigation Continue to be authorized, set a deadline for rectification, or be revoked of degree The system of Chinese MPA education quality evaluation 24

PPT 模板下载： 行业 PPT 模板： 节日 PPT 模板： PPT 素材下载： PPT 背景图片： PPT 图表下载： 优秀 PPT 下载： PPT 教程： Word 教程： Excel 教程： 资料下载： PPT 课件下载： 范文下载： 试卷下载： 教案下载： Education Environment 1. Education Environment 2. Enrollment Management 2. Enrollment Management 3. Teaching Staff 3. Teaching Staff 4. Courses And Teaching implementation 4. Courses And Teaching implementation 5. Case Dataset building 5. Case Dataset building 6. Teaching Management 6. Teaching Management 7.Teaching Effects and Ability Training 7.Teaching Effects and Ability Training 8. Cooperation and exchange 8. Cooperation and exchange 1. Subject foundation 2.Policy supporting 3. Funding support 4. Teaching facilities 5.System and process of recruiting students 6.Quantity and quality of recruiting students 7.Structure and quantity of teachers 8. The advisor out of the college 9.Scientific research and practice 10.Teacher training 11. Curriculum 12. Curriculum resource 13. Lectures and academic activities 14. Social practice and research 15. The education about quality and attitude 16. Teaching evaluation 17. Case teaching implementation 18. Case writing 19. Teaching management agencies and personnel 20. Teaching quality assurance system 21. Study time in school 22. Comprehensive quality for papers 23. Education achievement and employer feedback 24. Government partnerships 25. International communication The system of Chinese MPA education quality evaluation 25

Chinese MPA accreditation: to be or not to be?  To be (introduce MPA accreditation) Adding another process for MPA programs to pay attention to their quality; Opportunities for reflection and exchanges Providing quality information to potential students  Not to be (do not introduce MPA accreditation) There are already too many process-based hurdles, it will only divert our attention to superficial things; It will dampen innovation and diversification in MPA education, which are really needed given the vast regional and institutional differences; The market signal role is limited since most MPA students already have a job and they pay more attention to the reputation of university than to the program. 26

Thank you! 27