Continuation From Chapter From Chapter 1 Two Types of Approaches Data Oriented Approach Process Oriented Approach

Process-Oriented Approach Payroll Processing System Project Management System Tax Data Personnel Data Personnel Data Project Data

Data-Oriented Approach Payroll Processing System Project Management System Tax Data Personnel Data Project Data

Database and Application Independence Shared collection of logically related data Centrally managed Designed around subjects Customers Suppliers Application Independence Separation of data and definition of data from applications

Key Differences Between Process- and Data-oriented Approaches Characteristic Process- Orientation Data- Design focus What the The data the system is system needs to supposed to do operate and when

Key Differences Between Process- and Data-oriented approaches Characteristic Process- Data- Orientation Orientation Orientation System stability Limited, as More enduring, business as the data processes and needs of an the applications organization do that support not change them change rapidly constantly

Key Differences Between Process- and Data-oriented approaches Characteristic Process- Data- Orientation Orientation Data Data files Data files organization designed for designed for each individual the enterprise (integrated) Application (loosely coupled)

Key Differences Between Process- and Data-oriented approaches Characteristic Process- Data- Orientation Orientation Too much, Limited, Data stored uncontrolled controlled duplication duplication

Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Project ID and Selection Proj. Initiation & Planning Analysis Logical Design Physical Design Implementation Maintenance

Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Project ID and Selection Proj. Initiation & Planning Analysis Logical Design Physical Design Implementation Maintenance Deliverable 1 Project Proposal

Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Project ID and Selection Proj. Initiation & Planning Analysis Logical Design Physical Design Implementation Maintenance Deliverable 2 Require. Analysis (Pre-ERD)

Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Project ID and Selection Proj. Initiation & Planning Analysis Logical Design Physical Design Implementation Maintenance Deliverable 3 New System Design (ERD/DFD)

Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Project ID and Selection Proj. Initiation & Planning Analysis Logical Design Physical Design Implementation Maintenance Deliverable 4 DB Prototype

Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Project ID and Selection Proj. Initiation & Planning Analysis Logical Design Physical Design Implementation Maintenance Deliverable 5 Final System & Report

Different Techniques to Improving Information Systems Development Prototyping Building a scaled-down working version of the system Advantages: users are involved in design, and captures requirements in concrete form Rapid Application Development (RAD) Utilizes prototyping to delay producing system design until after user requirements are clear Joint Application Design (JAD) Users, Managers and Analysts work together for several days Structured meeting to review system requirements

Systems analysts Key individuals in the systems development process Systems Analysts perform analysis and design based upon: Understanding of organization’s objectives, structure and processes Knowledge of how to exploit information technology for advantage

Succeeding as a Systems Analyst Chapter 2 Succeeding as a Systems Analyst

Learning Objectives Discuss analytical skills Describe technical skills Discuss management skills Discuss interpersonal skills Describe systems analysis profession 2.19

Analytical Skills for Systems Analysis Four Sets of Analytical Skills Systems Thinking Organizational Knowledge Problem Identification Problem Solving 2.20

Systems Thinking System A system is an interrelated set of business procedures used within one business unit working together for a purpose A system has nine characteristics A system exists within an environment A boundary separates a system from its environment 2.21

Characteristics of a System Components Interrelated Components Boundary Purpose Environment Interfaces Input Output Constraints 2.22

Important System Concepts Decomposition Modularity Coupling Cohesion Logical System Description Physical System Description 2.23

Decomposition The process of breaking down a system into smaller components

Modularity Process of dividing a system into modules of a relatively uniform size 2.25

Coupling Subsystems that are dependent upon each other are coupled

Cohesion Extent to which a subsystem performs a single function

Logical System Description Portrays the purpose and function of the system 2.28

Physical System Description Focuses on how the system will be materially constructed

Systems Thinking -Benefits ST leads to abstraction abstraction leads to essential characteristics Leads to insights into specific system to question assumptions, provide documentation and manipulate the system without disrupting the real situation 2.30

Systems Thinking in Information systems Information systems are subsystems in larger organizational systems Data flow diagrams represent information systems as systems Inputs Outputs System boundaries Environment Subsystems Interrelationship 2.31

Problem Identification Problem: Difference between an existing situation and a desired situation Identification is process of defining differences Differences are defined by comparing the current situation to the output of a model that predicts what the output should be 2.32

Problem Analyzing and Solving Four Phases Intelligence All relevant information is collected Design Alternatives are formulated Choice Best alternative solution is chosen Implementation Solution is put into practice 2.33

Technical Skills for Systems Analysis Constant re-education is necessary as technology changes rapidly Activities to keep skills up-to-date Understanding of a wide variety of technologies is required 2.34

Management Skills for Systems Analysis Four categories Resource Management Project Management Risk Management Change Management 2.35

Interpersonal Skills for Systems Analysis Four types of skills: Communication skills Working alone and with a team Facilitating groups Managing expectations 2.36

Communication Skills Three types used by Systems Analyst Interviewing and Listening Questionnaires Written and Oral Presentation 2.37

Facilitating Groups Involves guiding a group without being a part of the group Useful skill for sessions such as Joint Application Development (JAD) Figure 2-9 lists guidelines for running a successful meeting 2.38

Systems Analysis as a Profession Standards have been established for education, training, certification and practice Several aspects: Standards of Practice Ethics Career Path 2.39

Standards of Practice Development of a Common Language Common programming languages Common modeling languages, such as Unified Modeling Language (UML)

Career Paths Consulting Information Systems within a large corporation Software vendors Other opportunities outside of systems analysis 2.41