Blood enters the heart through the and vena cava into the. Blood then travels through the valve into the. Blood then travels through the valve into the to the to pick up and release. Blood returns to the heart through the into the Blood goes through the valve into the Blood is pumped out of the to the rest of the.

VITALS SIGNS

BLOOD PRESSURE (BP) When the heart pumps blood into the arteries, the surge of blood filling the vessels creates pressure against the vessels walls Represented by two numbers: systolic and diastolic Systolic pressure is the higher pressure number  Contraction of the left ventricle Diastolic pressure is the lower pressure number  Relaxation of the ventricle Average adult blood pressure is 120/80

Pulse pressure is the difference between the systolic and diastolic readings  Average is 40 (120-80) Athletes have lower BP due to heart being stronger and more efficient  Less effort to circulate blood High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)  140/90 Low Blood Pressure (Hypotension)  90/40

PULSE Rhythmical beating of the heart Expansion and contraction of the arteries as blood flows through them The pulse can be found in 7 different locations  Brachial artery – inner border of the biceps  Common Carotid artery – in neck  Femoral artery – groin  Dorsalis Pedis artery – anterior surface of the foot  Popliteal artery – behind the knee  Radial artery – at the wrist thumb side  Temporal artery – slightly above the outer edge of the eye Pulse rate for athletes is significantly lower

TARGET HEART RATE Percentage of the maximum heart rate that is safe to reach during exercise AHA recommends 50-75% for average healthy person Calculated 220-age THR is sliding scale that decreases with age Tool for measuring cardiovascular exercise Maintain THR for min daily  health benefits

WOUND CARE

TYPES OF BLEEDING All need prompt attention to prevent shock, infection, and possible loss of life Arterial Severe bleeding Bright red blood that spurts or pulses Corresponds to the heart beat Can lose a large amount in a short period of time Most serious type and can be fatal Apply pressure and activate EMS immediately

VENOUS Steady blood flow Blood will appear bluish-red due to lower oxygen levels Veins are closer to surface to easier to control Direct pressure and compression best way to control bleeding

CAPILLARY Slow and oozes Blood clotting occurs rapidly Slow bleeding carries a risk of infection Bandage with sterile dressing

PROTECTING BODY FROM EXPOSURE Protective equipment should be worn anytime dealing with an open wound The type of injury will determine the type of barrier needed Caregivers should always protect themselves Wash hands before and after care Can protect self using gloves, eyewear, and masks

GLOVES Must be worn when treating any injury involving body fluids Latex are the best material because they resist tears, highly elastic, and gives the wearer good sensitivity Latex gloves have outstanding barrier properties Individuals with a latex allergy can buy latex-free gloves Must be discarded properly to reduce exposure Gloves should be taken off inside out to trap any pathogens within glove barrier

OSHA GUIDELINES FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASE CONTROL Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)  Organization within the federal government that monitors outbreaks of infections  Advises affected groups on how to handle the situation and control the spread of disease OSHA  Produces standards for infections control practice by medical care workers  One of the first standards and practice rules was the Bloodborne Pathogens rule Standard precautions  Infection control guidelines designed to protect workers from exposure to disease spread by contact with blood or other bodily fluids

WOUND CARE Open wound  Irrigate with clean, cool water to wash away any foreign particles  Use a mild soap to help control infections  Foreign particles must be removed or infection with result  Refer if necessary

MINOR CUTS AND ABRASIONS Wash and dry Treat with first aid cream to prevent infections Apply sterile bandage which should be changed daily Bandage should be large enough to cover area Do not secure to tight or circulation will be cut off to the area Athlete should check for signs of infection regularly Athlete should be instructed on how to clean and manage wounds  Infected wounds increases healing time

BANDAGES AND DRESSING Will ensure proper healing and infection control Dressing is the material placed directly on wound  Large enough to cover injury  Sterile to prevent infection Bandage is the material that holds the dressing in place Gauze dressing  Made of cotton, woven into a flexible absorbent cloth Occlusive dressing  Prevent air and moisture from entering or escaping the wound  Often have a petroleum gel or a thin plastic film

BANDAGE GUIDELINES Select the proper size and material Remove anything that interferes with bandaging Never reuse a dressing or bandage, only use sterile material Should be snug but not too tight Leave fingers and toes exposed to check for circulation

SIGNS OF INFECTION Redness Swelling Increased pain Oozing of pus Increase in body temperature Red streak on arm or leg – possible blood poisoning  Emergency

WOUND MANAGEMENT BROCHURE Use at least 3 different colors  Types of bleeding  List their name and description  Types of dressings  List each name and their definition  Bandage guidelines  List the guidelines  Signs of infection  List the symptoms to look for  Each type of wound and how to clean/manage

BINGO WORDS Ventricle Coronary Arteries Atrium Capillaries Carbon Dioxide Tricuspid Valve Artery Heart Lungs Venule Mitral Valve Pulmonary Artery Capillary Bleeding Blood Pressure Arterioles Oxygen Vein Pulmonary Vein Arterial Bleeding Venous Bleeding Capillary Bleeding Platelets Red Blood cell White Blood Cell Arterial Bleeding Gauze Dressing Occlusive Dressing Pulse