Adult and World Health Concerns UNIT I

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS What are the causes and nature of adult death locally, nationally and globally and how can these factors be reduced? What are the factors that influence health status within a community? How does an individual’s health literacy and access to healthcare impact personal health status? What factors influence an individual’s access to healthcare and insurance at the national and global level? How does governmental policy and politics impact personal health and the health of society? How do advancements in research, technology and healthcare impact the current status and future of health?

Top 15 Causes of ADULT Death (USA, 2010) Diseases of heart Malignant neoplasms Chronic lower respiratory diseases Cerebrovascular diseases Accidents (unintentional injuries) Alzheimer’s disease Diabetes Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis Influenza and pneumonia Intentional self-harm (suicide) Septicemia Chronic liver disease Hypertension Parkinson’s disease Pneumonitis The leading causes of death in 2010 remained the same as in 2009 for 14 of the 15 leading causes, although two causes exchanged ranks. Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis, the ninth leading cause in 2009, became the eighth leading cause in 2010, while Influenza and pneumonia, the eighth leading cause in 2009, became the ninth leading cause of death in 2010. Dropping from among the 15 leading causes of death in 2010 was Assault (homicide), replaced by Pneumonitis due to solids and liquids as the 15th leading cause of death in 2010. cancer emphyzema bronchitis stroke kidneys Blood poisoning High Blood Pressure

Top 15 Causes of TEEN Death (USA 2009) AGES 10-14 Unintentional injuries Malignant Neoplasm Homicide Suicide Congenital Anomalies Influenza & Pneumonia Heart Disease Respiratory Disease Benign Neoplasm Cerebrovascular AGES 15-24 Unintentional injuries Suicide Homicide Malignant Neoplasm Heart Disease HIV Influenza & Pneumonia Diabetes Cerebrovascular Liver Disease

GLOBAL leading causes of death (2008) World Deaths in millions % of deaths Heart disease 7.25 12.8% Stroke and other cerebrovascular disease 6.15 10.8% Lower respiratory infections 3.46 6.1% Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 3.28 5.8% Diarrhoeal diseases 2.46 4.3% HIV/AIDS 1.78 3.1% Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers 1.39 2.4% Tuberculosis 1.34 Diabetes 1.26 2.2% Road traffic accidents 1.21 2.1%

FACTS How many people die every year? During 2008, an estimated 57 million people died. What is the global average life expectancy age? 68 years is the average life expectancy at birth of the global population in 2009 What is the number one cause of death throughout the world? Cardiovascular diseases kill more people each year than any others. In 2008, 7.3 million people died of heart disease, 6.2 million from stroke or another form of cerebrovascular disease.

LOCAL HEALTH ISSUES… September 8, 2012…A 77-year-old Burlington County man is the first New Jersey resident to die this year from the mosquito-borne West Nile virus, authorities said Friday. The death was reported as state and local agencies ramped up efforts to combat the virus, and New Jersey health officials announced that the number of confirmed virus cases had jumped from eight last week to 15. In Pennsylvania, 16 residents have tested positive for the virus; one, an elderly Luzerne County man, died, officials said. AUGUST 19, 2012… A Colorado girl who contracted the bubonic plague during a camping trip could finally leave the hospital Monday after battling back from the incredibly rare disease, according to reports. Sierra Jane Downing, 7, shocked doctors in Denver who had never come across the bacterial infection blamed for killing tens of millions of people in Europe in the 14th century. On Aug. 19, the girl crossed paths with a half-devoured squirrel while camping. She set her sweatshirt beside the animal and then later tied the shirt around her waist, flea bites found on her body are believed to have been the source of the infection, doctors said. The girl suffered a seizure days later, sending her to a local hospital with a 107-degree temperature. She was then transferred to Rocky Mountain Hospital for Children in Denver, where she was placed in the Intensive Care Unit for septic shock. Dr. Jennifer Snow realized the bubonic plague was the culprit, and prescribed life-saving antibiotics for Sierra Jane. An average of just seven people are diagnosed with the disease each year in the United States, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Protection.

HISTORY of Health 540 Bubonic plague engulfs the Roman Empire until 592. 1347 Bubonic plague spreads in Europe through 1350. Over 100 million would die from the plague during the next 400 years. 1509 First attempts to restrict right to practice medicine to licensed doctors 1563 General outbreak of plague in Europe. Kills 20,000 in London 1567 In South America, 2 million die from typhoid fever 1578 First recognized description of whooping cough (Pertussis) during epidemic in Paris. 1667 Epidemics of smallpox, dysentary begin 1674 First mention of diabetes mellitus in Britain 1675 Malaria epidemic in England 1700 Deaths from tuberculosis increase dramatically in England. 1702 First appearance of yellow fever in the United States. It would appear 35 times between 1702 and 1800 and would appear almost every year between 1800 and 1879. 1801 First widespread experimentation with vaccines begins. 1853 First use of hypodermic needle for subcutaneous injection

1860 Introduction of antibiotics and immunization into the US 1867 Introduced sanitation into surgery - over the objections of leading English surgeons. 1900 Deaths from measles were 13 per 100,000 1905 Food and Drug Act passed in the United States 1910 Incidence of tuberculosis (TB) rises dramatically in Japan. First TB Sanitarium opened. TB death rate 180 per100,000 1913 The American Cancer Society is formed 1918 Great influenza epidemic attributed to widespread use of vaccines. 1921 BCG tuberculosis vaccine developed 1928 Fleming discovers penicillin 1943 General vaccine program against influenza begins in the US 1954 General vaccination programs against Polio begin in the United States. Rate caused by the vaccine accelerates ten-fold in Massachusetts 1961 United States uses Agent Orange (dioxin) against Vietnam. Generations of birth defects would appear in Vietnamese after this period. 1981 Scientists "identify" "AIDS“ …… present day?

Impact Upon Health Status CULTURE GEOPOLITICAL GOVERNMENT WAR/GENOCIDE SOCIOECONOMIC CLIMATE EDUCATION http://lderewal-health.wikispaces.com/Adult+and+Global+Health+Concerns

NATURE OF DISEASE ACUTE vs. CHRONIC ACUTE = indicates how long the disease lasts and how quickly it develops. Examples of acute diseases include colds, influenza and strep throat. CHRONIC = A chronic disease is persistent and lasts for a long period of time and might recur. Examples include heart disease, cancer & diabetes PREVENTABILITY How do we prevent disease? ROLE OF GENETICS Family health records BEHAVIORAL & ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS Determinants of health… http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=5Lul6KNIw_8

INFECTIOUS DISEASES What is an Infectious Disease? An infectious disease or communicable disease is caused by a biological agent such as by a virus, bacterium or parasite that invades a host organism by microorganisms, often called microbes, that are invisible to the naked eye. Microbes that cause illness are also known as pathogens. The most common pathogens are various bacteria and viruses. An infectious disease is termed contagious if it is easily transmitted from one person to another. An organism that a microbe infects is known as the host for that microbe. In the human host, a microorganism causes disease by either disrupting a vital body process or stimulating the immune system to mount a defensive reaction. NOTE: An immune response against a pathogen, which can include a high fever, inflammation, and other damaging symptoms, can be more devastating than the direct damage caused by the microbe. Infectious disease requires an agent and a mode of transmission (or vector).

RESEARCH JIGSAW http://www.diseasedetectives.org/timeline RESOURCE: TEENSHEALTH.ORG (http://kidshealth.org/teen/diseases_conditions/). PROCEDURE: Students will split up into groups of 2-3 and be assigned a specific part of the body. Students will research what health concerns can effect that part of the body and outline their findings. Students will split up (jigsaw) to other groups. Sharing their findings. One student will stay at homebase to collect the other information. OUTLINES: Students will be provided an outline form to take notes on each disease/condition that is shared.

Docs, Tests & Procedures (bingo) If I get sick, where do I go? Audiologists: These doctors help patients with different ear problems and help children who are either deaf or mute to learn to communicate. Allergist: These doctors help in treating different kinds of allergies and immune system disorders like hay fever, asthma, etc. Andrologist: The andrologist helps in diagnosing and treating disorders related to the male reproductive system. Anesthesiologist: They study and administer anesthesia and anesthetic medicines that helps in facilitating treatment, diagnosis of medical conditions and complete minor and major surgeries without the patient having to feel more than the prick of the anesthetic needle. Cardiologist: These are doctors of the heart that diagnose and treat heart diseases and cardiovascular diseases. Dentist: Perhaps one of the most feared doctors of all is the dentist due to their tooth extraction habits! These doctors are concerned with dental health, teeth and dental problems like cavities and bleeding gums. They treat gum diseases, straighten teeth, carry out root canals, etc. Dermatologist: A dermatologist studies the skin, its structure, functions, and diseases, as well as its appendages (nails, hair, sweat glands) and treats the related ailments. Endocrinologist: A doctor who studies disorders of the endocrine system and their glands, like thyroid problems and other such hormonal imbalances and the specific secretions of hormones is what entails an endocrinologist job description. Epidemiologist: Epidemiologist are the doctors who are also known as 'disease detectives'. They carry out study of diseases and come up with ways of prevention of diseases through vaccinations, etc. Family Practitioner: These are your friendly neighborhood doctors who are general physicians, and treat patients of all ages and medical non- emergency conditions usually in a clinic. Gastroenterologist: A doctor that studies diseases of digestive system and gives treatment related to the gastroenterology. Gynecologists: The doctor who studies and treats diseases of the female reproductive system. Hematologist: A hematologist studies blood and its diseases. Immunologist: The doctor who studies all aspects of the immune system in all organisms and gives treatment to diseases of the immune system. Infectious Disease Specialists: The doctors who study and treat diseases that are caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, and are usually based within the hospital. These doctors are involved in a lot of research work. Internal Medicine Specialists: These doctors provide diagnosis, management and nonsurgical treatment of unusual or serious diseases and are usually found working in hospitals as intensivists.

Microbiologists: A microbiologist studies causes, diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Nephrologist: The doctor who treats kidney diseases and problems. Neurologist: These are doctors who treat one of the most delicate and important organs of the body, the brain. They treat conditions like seizures, strokes, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, etc. Neurophysiologist: They are doctors who diagnose conditions and disorders affecting the central, peripheral and autonomic nervous system. The neurophysiologist carries out clinical evaluations and conducts electrophysiologic testing to diagnose the underlying conditions. Neurosurgeon: These are surgeons who treat central and peripheral nervous system diseases that can be cured or controlled to some extent with mechanical intervention. Obstetrician: This is a part of gynecology and the doctors are experts with childbirth, C-sections, gynecological surgeries like hysterectomy, surgical removal of ovarian tumors, examination of the pelvic region, PAP smears, prenatal care, etc. Oncologist: An oncologist job description entails treating cancer patients. Ophthalmologist: The doctor that takes care of eyes and treats various eye problems and performs different eye surgeries. Orthopedic Surgeons: The doctor who is concerned with the skeletal system of the human body, that is, bones. These doctors make no bones about broken, fractured or arthritis struck bones! ENT specialists: An ENT specialist treats the Ear, the Nose and the Throat, as well as to some extent some ailments of the head and the neck. This field is also known as otolaryngology. Parasitologist: The study of parasites, their biology and pathology, as well as the parasitic diseases caused by them is carried out by a parasitologist. Pathologists: The study of abnormalities in living organisms, diagnosing diseases and conditions from tissue samples like blood or biopsy samples. They also work as medical examiners and carry out autopsies to determine the cause of death. These doctors usually do not come in contact with the patients directly as their work is mostly lab work. They are therefore called a 'doctor's doctor' as they speak to doctors of the patients rather than the patient himself. There are many doctors who specialize in forensic pathology and help the police and FBI solve crimes. Pediatricians: A pediatrician is the doctor who studies and treats medical problems of infants, children, and adolescents. Physiologists: A physiologist is a life science doctor who specializes in physiology. Physiatrist: The doctor whose specialty is treatment and rehabilitation of patients with illness or injuries affecting their nerves, muscles, and bones. They basically help people overcome their movement limitations due to an underlying illness or injury. Plastic Surgeon: A plastic surgeon is the doctor who can literally change the life and look of a patient. He performs cosmetic surgery to repair skin and structural problems that may alter the personality of the patient for good. Podiatrists: The doctor who studies and treats disorders of the foot and ankle. Psychiatrists: These doctors specialize in psychiatry, that is, a branch of medicine concerned with the study, diagnoses and treatment of mental illness and behavioral disorders. Pulmonologist: The doctor who diagnoses and treats lung conditions and treatments and even manages critical care patients admitted in the ICU and those that are on ventilator support. Radiologists: The study of medical use of X-rays or other imaging technologies for diagnoses and treatment of disease is carried out by a radiologist. Surgeons: A surgeon performs operations, related to different sub-specialties of medicine like general surgery, neurosurgery, cardiovascular, cardiothoracic surgery, ENT, maxillo-facial surgery, plastic surgery, oral surgery, transplant surgery, urology, etc. Urologists: The urologist is a doctor who studies the urinary system and treats urinary tract infections. Emergency Doctors: Emergency doctors are those who offer their services in the emergency room (ER) and are on call 24/7. They treat various emergency cases that vary from poisoning, broken bones, burns, heart attack, and anything and everything that can be termed as a medical emergency