General Laboratory Prepared by Hamad ALAssaf alassaf_h@yahoo.com

Introduction to laboratory department & blood bank department Definition : Laboratory medicine : is the branch of medicine which provide physicians and other healthcare professionals with information to : 1- detect disease or predisposition to disease . 2- confirm or reject a diagnosis . 3- establish prognosis . 4- guide patient management . 5- monitor efficacy therapy . 6- direct prevention of disease and health care planning .

Introduction to laboratory department & blood bank department Blood Bank ( transfusion medicine ) : is a multidisciplinary specialty encompassing all aspects of blood donation , blood component preparation , Blood group, Coomb’s Tests, Compatibility Tests, and blood transfusion therapy .

Introduction to laboratory department & blood bank department Laboratory Sections Introduction to laboratory department & blood bank department 1- Blood Bank : offering cross match, antibody detection, donor screening , providing blood & blood component. 2- Clinical Biochemistry : offering a wide range of chemistry parameters including : enzymology, toxicology and endocrinology. 3- Histopathology & Cytopathology : giving the service of cytology & biopsy report for all the tissue . 4- Hematology : offering routine CBC , coagulation profile and bone marrow aspirate .

5- Microbiology : offering the gram’s stain , Z 5- Microbiology : offering the gram’s stain , Z.N stain and culture & sensitivity . 6- Microscopy : routine exam of stool & urine . 7- Serology & Virology : screening of hepatitis , HIV, widal test, RF, TPHA and CRP. 8- Receiving Section : receives the samples from all wards. 9- Molecular Diagnostics: uses progressive technologies and procedures to evaluate infectious disease, inherited disorders, oncogene copy number, and other gene abnormalities. The use of PCR, DNA hybridization, RFLP.

Lab Equipments

Autoclave is an instrument used to sterilize equipment and supplies by subjecting them to high pressure saturated steam at 121 °C for around 15–20 minutes depending on the size of the load and the contents

Incubator is a device used to grow and maintain microbiological cultures or cell cultures. The incubator maintains optimal temperature, humidity and other conditions such as the (CO2) and O2 content of the atmosphere inside.

Centrifuge The centrifuge works using the sedimentation principle, where the centripetal acceleration causes more dense substances to separate out along the bottom of the tube & lighter objects will tend to move to the top of the tube .

Biosafety Cabinet is an enclosed, ventilated Laboratory  workspace for safely working with materials contaminated with pathogens requiring a defined biosafety level.

Micropipette is a laboratory tool used to transport a measured volume of liquid.

Water bath Microscope

Mixer Spectrophotometer

Chemistry Analyzer Immunoassay Analyzer

Water Distiller ELISA machine

CBC analyzer Coagulation Analyzer

ESR Rack Vortex Mixer

Blood Bank Refrigerator Cell washer

Hot plate Microtome

Automatic Tissue Slide Stainer Tissue Processor Automatic Tissue Slide Stainer

Petri Dish Plastic Pipette

Pipette Tip Hemocytometer

Safety rules DEFINITION: Safety is the control of recognized hazards to achieve an acceptable level of risk.

General Safety Procedures 1- All department employees report defective equipment, unsafe conditions, acts or safety hazards to supervisor. 2- Keep electrical cords clear of passageways. 3- All equipment and supplies must be properly stored. Heavy items not stored on top shelves. 4- Scissors, knives, pins, razor blades and other sharp instruments safely stored and used. 5- All electric machines with heat producing elements turned off when not in use. 6- Minor spills, i.e., water, cleaned by the employee who discovers the spill. Major spills cleaned by Environmental Services Department.

General Safety Procedures Safety rules General Safety Procedures 7 - Wear suitable clothing 8 - Keep hands away from sample needles and probes in the instrument chambers.

General Safety Procedures Safety rules 9 - Equipments not left standing in traffic lanes. 10 - Do not obstruct fire equipment. Know location of firefighting equipment and how to use it. Know evacuation routes and what to do in case of fire. 11 - All Clinical Laboratory materials, bottles, specimens, etc., shall be plainly labeled. 12 - Mouth pipetting is prohibited. 13 - Disposable gloves must be worn as indicated. 14 - Any working area that becomes contaminated, cleaned immediately with a disinfecting solution. 15 - Any specimen of blood, urine, sputum, saliva, other body fluid or tissue must be regarded as potentially infectious.

Rules of obtaining the Specimen 1- Always use Standard Precautions. 2- Avoid contact of open skin lesions with blood. 3- Hands are to be washed if they become contaminated with blood while taking specimens. 4- Do not bend needles after use. Do not reinsert used needles in their original containers. Place used needles in the puncture-resistant container provided for disposal needles. 5- Gloves and lab coats are to be worn while obtaining all specimens. 6- After removing gloves and lab coat wash hands thoroughly.