DNA/RNA/Protein Synthesis All illustrations in this presentation were obtained from Google.com

Griffith F for failing to find genetic material! F for finding: He found that good bacteria are changed into bad bacteria with transfer of some “factor.”

Avery actually found DNA is the “factor” that caused good bacteria to change into bad bacteria Remember: Avery got an “A” for finding DNA

Rosalind Franklin used X-rays to determine what DNA really looked like. She died from too much radiation 

Watson & Crick discovered the shape of the DNA molecule and were awarded the Nobel Prize.

Hershey & Chase used radioactive bacteriophages (viruses) to confirm the genetic material being transferred was DNA Hint: Bacteriophages “chase” bacteria Bacteriophage (Virus) Bacteria Cell

Hershey & Chase

CHARGAFF Chargoff’s Rule of BASE PAIRING! % of Adenine = % Thymine % Cytosine = % Guanine

A, T, C, G Hint: You “Pee Urine” (purine) in an outhouse attached to the main house Out- house House Hint: Cystine and Thymine have “Y” in their names like Pyrimidine

DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

What is the shape of the DNA molecule called? DOUBLE HELIX 2 sides like a ladder

DNA carries the genetic code to make proteins (amino acid chain)

Deoxyribose What is the name of the sugar that is in DNA?

What is the difference between the DNA in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes? DNA in a Prokaryote is a long loop found in the cytoplasm DNA in a Eukaryote is individual chromosomes in the nucleus

What specific structures carry the genetic code in the nucleus? Chromosomes

Name the 3 parts of a DNA nucleotide (building block / monomer) Phosphate Group 2. 5-Carbon Sugar (Deoxyribose) 3. Nitrogen Base (A, T, C, or G)

Must have 2 identical strands of DNA Each has one original strand and one new strand Cell Division! Why is DNA Replication important?

1.Original double helix unzips/unwinds 2.DNA Polymerase attaches to make new strand of DNA 3.2 New strands of DNA are created with complimentary nitrogen bases (A-T, C-G) 4.Two identical double helix DNAs are formed each with one original strand and one new strand DNA Replication

C G G T A T G A T original strand l l l l l l l l l G C C A T A C T A new strand Hydrogen Bonds What are the complimentary bases for the new DNA strand after replication? Hydrogen bonds hold the nitrogen bases together to form the “steps of the ladder”

Histone This is the protein that DNA wraps around to coil up!

List 3 Similarities and Differences DNA RNA Similarities Both are Nucleic Acids Sugar Phosphate Backbones A, C, G nitrogen Bases Differences Deoxyribose SugarRibose Sugar Thymine base Uracil base Double HelixSingle Strand

RNA Remember: RNA loves “U”

mRNA- messenger RNA - brings genetic code for proteins from DNA to ribosome (recipe) tRNA – transfer RNA - brings amino acids to ribosomes (sous chef) rRNA – ribosomal RNA- (ribosome) makes the protein (chef)

What does RNA stand for ? Ribonucleic Acid 2. How many different kinds are there? 3- mRNA, tRNA, rRNA 3. What is RNA’s function? To make proteins 4. What sugar is in RNA? Ribose sugar 5. Where is RNA found? In the cytoplasm mmRNA mtRNA rRNA

What is the whole process of making proteins that includes transcription & translation called? PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

List the steps to make mRNA “TRANSCRIPTION” 1.In the nucleus, DNA unzips 2.RNA Polymerase binds to DNA at promoter region 3.RNA Polymerase reads DNA genetic code (nitrogen bases) and makes complimentary mRNA and edits it 4.mRNA goes out of nucleus through pores

When RNA Polymerase is editing the mRNA during transcription, what is kept in the mRNA and what is edited (cut) out? Introns – Bad - get rid of it! Exons – Good - keep!

List the steps to make protein “TRANSLATION” (comes LATer) 1.In the cytoplasm, rRNA attaches to mRNA 2.rRNA reads mRNA beginning at the AUG “START codon” 3.Each tRNA brings 1 amino acid to ribosome that has an anti-codon to mRNA codon until it reads a “STOP” codon 4.Amino acids join to form polypeptide chain = PROTEIN tRNA Amino Acid Polypeptide Chain = PROTEIN mRNA rRNA ribosome

Codon What is the 3 base code on the mRNA called?

How many amino acids are there? 20 How many different codons code for those amino acids? 64 Remember: Each tRNA only brings 1 amino acid to the ribosome 1 codon = 1 amino acid 3 nitrogen bases = 1 codon

Can you Translate this mRNA ? A U G U G C G U C U A A

What is a gene mutation? Change in nucleotide sequence

Substitution = Point Mutation (gene) Deletion = Frame Shift Mutation (gene) Insertion = Frame Shift Mutation (gene) Inversion = Chromosomal Mutation I bet he can catch 3x more flies!

POINT MUTATION

What type of gene mutation is it when insertion or deletion takes place? FRAME SHIFT MUTATION

chromosomal mutations

HOX Genes control the basic plan for where cells, tissues and organs are to go in an embryo (organism)